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Category: wellness& habits

  • DASH diet Health benefits -Beyond its role in improving cardiovascular health

     DASH diet is well- known for improving hypertension and heart health. However studies show that it offers several other health benefits for people having diabetes, metabolic syndrome, colon cancer , PCOS etc.

    Over a couple of decades, lifestyle diseases have conquered the health of urban as well as rural populations alike, enhancing the mortality rate from heart attacks, stroke, various types of cancers etc. Globally around 19.8 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in the year 2022. Out of these 85% deaths were due to heart attacks and strokes.

    The deteriorating heart health is a serious concern which needs timely intervention to prevent increasing mortality from heart attacks. Generally cardiovascular diseases arise from behavioral and environmental risk factors such as unhealthy habits of smoking, tobacco use, unhealthy diet with excessive fat, salt and sugar. Obesity, Physical inactivity, air pollution, alcohol intake are the other contributory risk factors. Both men and women are victims of obesity and sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles enhancing their risk for life style diseases particularly heart attacks.

    Life style modifications to prevent heart attacks

     Healthy heart can be achieved through consistent and steady healthy lifestyle practices and prevention of environmental risk factors.

    It is crucial to identify the risk factors posing threat to the health of your heart through early screening tests. Early detection of the enhanced risk helps to prevent the incidence of heart attacks. 

    Lifestyle modifications are inevitable for achieving a healthy heart.  Of late lifestyle medicine clinics are giving emphasis to life style changes for all for preventing heart attacks and other cardiovascular events.

    It encompasses healthy habits, healthy diet and environment and mind body relaxation techniques, restorative sleep , physical activity, positive social connections. All these lifestyle modifications are targeting at reducing the risks leading to cardiovascular diseases.

    lifestyle changes mustinclude :

    1. Fostering behavioral changes

    Healthy habits to prevent heart diseases

    • Quit smoking
    • Avoid alcohol intake
    • Reduce stress
    • Increase moderate physical activity
    • Mind body relaxation
    • Avoid exposure to polluted air & smoke from automobiles etc.

    2.Adopting a healthy nutrition plan

    Healthy diet for heart

     There are several dietary patterns for healthy heart such as Mediterranean diet, DASH DIET etc. DASH diet is discussed here as it also helps to reduce the impact hypertension on the heart.

    DASH diet – A comprehensive overview

    DASH – Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

    Although in the beginning of 90s DASH diet was given emphasis to reduce hypertension [ high B.P] later its good effects were proved in the management of various other conditions also.

    DASH diet includes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish, lean meat and low-fat dairy foods etc. Fruits and vegetables provide nutrients like potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fiber that are important for fighting high blood pressure. These nutrients also can improve insulin resistance and glucose levels

       The DASH diet recommends

    • more whole-grain foods, fish, poultry,nuts. Lean meat is recommended while red meat is limited.
    •  Healthy fats, such as olive and canola oil or avocados, nuts are included in DASH diet.
    • The diet limits sodium, sweets, sugary drinks, and red meats.
    •  Foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats are restricted or limited.

    How to change your daily diet to DASH diet?

    You can not make a tectonic shift in your current lifestyle instantly. It needs steady and consistent efforts motivating yourself or by taking the service of a nutrition expert or life style health provider. The results do happen if you adhere to this plan of lifestyle modification and practice it consistently.

    1.   Include low glycaemic index fruits like berries, plums, grape ,oranges etc. to your meals or as a snacking item. Canned and dried fruits are easily available for use but with no added sugar or salt in them.

    2.  Reduce the consumption of butter, margarine, or fatty salad dressing and consume low-fat or fat-free items.

    3.   Consume low-fat or skimmed dairy products

    4. Include more vegetables like kale, broccoli, spinach etc. to your diet.

    5.  Restrict eating fried items or sweets.  Eat unsalted nuts, raisins, low-fat and fat-free yogurt, frozen yogurt.

    6. While purchasing packed foods, read food labels to choose products that are lower in sodium.

    Healthy carbohydrates included under DASH:

    Carbohydrates in the DASH diet are mainly composed of cellulose and starches. It is mainly present in plant fiber. Reducing carbohydrates in the diet or eating “low carb diet” is not as healthy as that may lead to decreased caloric intake than recommended or consumption of unhealthy fats as a substitute.

    Consume whole grains: cracked wheat, millets, oats etc.

    Green leafy vegetables & fruits recommended in DASH

     Kale, broccoli, spinach, collards, mustards are included.

     Fruits:

     Low glycemic index fruits such as cherries, grapes , pears ,oranges ,apples ,plums ,berries  are recommended

    Protein sources recommended in DASH diet:

    Legumes and beans are included chiefly in this diet. DASH recommends more servings of plant proteins like legumes, soy products, nuts, and seeds. Animal protein in the diet mainly includes lean meats, low-fat dairy, eggs, and fish.

    Processed meat is not recommended as they have the potential to be carcinogenic [causing cancer] or may raise blood pressure.

    Healthy fats in DASH diet:

    Healthy fats prevent inflammation, provide essential fatty acids, and help general health. When consumed in moderation, these fats have been shown to increase HDL and lower small dense LDL particles.

    Some of the sources of good fats also included in DASH include:

     Olive oil, Avocados,  Nuts,  Hemp seeds,  Flax seeds,   Fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids

    Minerals- recommended sources in DASH diet:

     DASH diet recommends intake of foods rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium as these prevent endothelial dysfunction and promote endothelial, smooth muscle relaxation.

     Some of the foods rich in potassium include bananas, oranges, and spinach.

     Calcium is found in good amounts in dairy products and green leafy vegetables.

     Magnesium is present in a variety of whole grains, leafy vegetables, nuts, and seeds.

    Benefits of DASH diet in cardiovascular health

    • Helps to reduce high blood pressure
      • Reduce the risk for heart disease, heart failure, and stroke
    • Help prevent or control type 2 diabetes
    • Reduce bad cholesterol levels.

    According to NIH [U.S.A] the recommended DASH diet is served as follows:

    • Grains   6–8 servings/day
    • Meats, poultry, and fish   6 or less servings/day
    • Vegetables     4–5 servings /day
    •  Fruit     4–5 servings/day
    •  Low-fat or fat-free dairy products 2–3 servings/day
    •  Fats and oils    2–3/day
    •  Sodium   2,300 milligrams (mg) or 1,500 mg of salt (sodium) per day
    • Nuts, seeds, dry beans, and peas   4–5 servings weekly
    • Sweets 5 or less servings weekly.

    DASH diet – role in diabetes , metabolic syndrome,polycystic ovarian syndrome & colon cancers.

    Extensive research studies have been conducted all over the world to unravel the good effects of DASH diet beyond its potential to make a positive impact in the management of high blood pressure [ hypertension].

    Several studies have shown that the DASH diet helps lower blood glucose levels, triglycerides, LDL-C, and insulin resistance. All these are major risk factors if brought under control by a dietary modification the health is protected against diabetes , heart attacks, stroke , cancers , metabolic syndrome and much more. The research study gives  great hope for the management of non-communicable diseases through lifestyle modification.

    DASH diet helps to reduce the risk for heart attack and stroke in people suffering from metabolic syndrome. DASH diet is prescribed as an adjunct to pharmacological therapy in metabolic syndrome [high blood pressure, high cholesterol and high blood sugar]. Metabolic syndrome is often associated with excess fat around waist or central obesity

       DASH diet also reduces the risk of colon cancer

    Studies have shown a reduction in the incidence of colorectal cancer.

     According to a study DASH diet has been found helpful to reduce insulin resistance and central obesity in women having polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS].

    Of late PCOS is posing great health complications in women of reproductive age group being an impediment to fertility as it alters hormonal balances causing anovulation. DASH diet can be recommended for women having PCOS to improve insulin resistance and re establish hormonal balance. It also helps in addressing truncal obesity in PCOS women.

     One study  corroborates this finding as it concludes that following the DASH diet for 8 weeks in overweight and obese women with PCOS resulted in the improvement of insulin resistance, serum hs-CRP levels, and abdominal fat accumulation [4].

    Research studies show that the monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats of foods chosen in this dietary pattern can help to improve insulin, androgens, and cholesterol levels in women with PCOS.

    Nuts are main ingredients of DASH diet. They are rich infiber, omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and essential vitamins and minerals.

    * Dash diet helps for lowering blood pressure, particularly in diabetic patients.

    * The DASH diet has been recommended as the best dietary choice for obese people who want to lose weight, maintain a healthy weight and lower the blood pressure.

       DASH diet not only improve your heart health but overall health . If you are on the verge of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, DASH diet  may help you. However, consulting a health care provider is recommended if you have complex health issues.

    written by dr sanjana p [ copyright]

    References for further reading

    1. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
    2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22846984
    3. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/education/dash-eating-plan.  
    4. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01098545/related-content   

  • Indian Gooseberry- health benefits

    Indian gooseberries are used widely as a fruit for consumption as well as for culinary uses. They possess numerous properties that are beneficial to health including antiaging, anticancer, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties.

    Goosberries are part of Indian cuisines and the ancestral memories of every Indians as a sweet and bitter fruit. It is known for its nutritious potential since antiquity. Gooseberries are linked to in Indian history as a fruit which is revered in ancient texts like Charaka Samhita (800 BCE) and Sushruta Samhita (600 BCE). It is referred as a supreme rejuvenating herb for hair, skin, and overall vitality in ancient texts.

    Indian gooseberry is commonly known as Amla. Its scientific name is Phyllanthus emblica and belongs to Euphorbiaceae family.

      The gooseberry tree commonly grows to a height of 1–8 metres. The tree may grow with abundant light green leaves and greenish yellow flowers. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish–yello. It may be smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit is up to 26 millimetres in diameter.

    Nutritional facts

    Indian gooseberry is a rich source of vitamin C and full of various other types of antioxidants as well.

    Gooseberries are used widely as a fruit for consumption as well as for culinary uses. They possess numerous properties that are beneficial to health including antiaging, anticancer, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties.

     Generally, gooseberries are low in calories and fat and thus safe to include as part of diet for obese people also. It contains carbohydrates [70 g/100 g dry weight] and fibers[7.2–16.5 g/100 g DW].

    Indian gooseberries are abundant source of antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids and vitamin C.

    They contain minerals iron, calcium and phosphorous. Many studies show the presence of ellagitannins, which includes chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, emblicanin A and B, geraniin, isocorilagin, pedunculagin, phyllanemblinins A–F, and punigluconin in gooseberries.

    Health benefits of Indian gooseberries

    •      Anti-ageing properties

    Vitamin C an effective antioxidant as well as collagen improving agent is abundant in gooseberries. It helps to prevent wrinkles on skin and helps to maintain the tone and strength of skin.

    •      Antioxidant properties

      Polyphenol and vitamin C antioxidants of gooseberries help in free radical scavenging and thus prevent the threat of serious morbidities to vital organs.

    • improves digestive health &immunity

    The antioxidants such as gallic acid, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds of gooseberries boost the body’s immune system as well as digestive processes.

    •Protects heart and cardiovascular system

    Owing to the anti- cholesterol and antiatherogenic properties gooseberries boost cardiovascular system health in human body. It helps to prevent heart attacks and stroke preventing clot formation within blood vessels.

    •Protects nervous system

    The polyphenols of gooseberry have antioxidative potential and neuro protective properties.

    • Lowers blood sugar

    The antioxidant compounds in gooseberries help to reduce blood sugar level.

    • Improves hair health

    Vitamin C and antioxidants of gooseberries boost hair growth and imparts strength to hair strands.

    •Anticancer potential

    The polyphenols prevent oxidative stress to cells of human body. They also produce pro-inflammatory chemicals, prevent DNA damage, and increase apoptosis or cell death of worn out and abnormal cells. This apoptosis process is crucial in preventing morbid as well as normal cell growth uncontrollably in cancer. Therefore, eating gooseberries are very beneficial in mitigating the cancer risks.

    Research updates about Indian gooseberry

    •      Experimental studies indicate that gooseberry and some of its phytochemicals such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, pyrogallol, some norsesquiterpenoids, corilagin, geraniin, elaeocarpusin, and prodelphinidins B1 and B2 also possess anticancer effects.

    It helps free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities which reduce cancer risks in the population.

    •      According to a study at human level, a 500 mg gooseberry extract intake (twice a day) for three months reduced the highly sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, and LDL levels in Class I obese subjects. This may have a cardioprotective effect reducing heart attacks and other diseases.

    •      As per data from yet another study ellagic acid and ascorbic acid could reduce the activity of key enzymes involved in glucose digestion and therefore possess antidiabetic properties.

    •polyphenols have been indicated to protect gastrointestinal organs.  Gooseberries have the potential for inhibition of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains in vitro, since this microorganism is a known cause of gastric ulcers

    How to include gooseberry include gooseberries in your daily foods?

    It is an edible fruit as such. However, to make it more palatable it can be used for making various types of:

    •      Jellies

    •      Salad ingredient

    •      Wine

    •      dessert

    •      Jams

    Safety &caution

    No adverse side effects have been reported if gooseberries are consumed in adequate amounts. Excessive usage may affect lowering the blood sugar in patients who are already under diabetic medications.

    Gooseberries are good source of vitamin C. excessive intake is not recommended as vitamin C is an important micronutrient helping metabolism. Consume only one gooseberry per day.

    written by dr sanjana p

    References

    1. European journal of cancer prevention  2011 May;20(3):225-39. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32834473f4  PMID: 21317655 DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32834473f4  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21317655/
    • 6. Kapoor M.P., Suzuki K., Derek T., Ozeki M., Okubo T. Clinical evaluation of Emblica officinalis Gatertn (Amla) in healthy human subjects: Health benefits and safety results from a randomized, double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled study. Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun. 2020;17:100499. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100499   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31890983/
    • M.M., Joshi M.K. Influence of Emblica officinalis aqueous extract on growth and antioxidant defense system of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) Pharm. Biol. 2012;50:497–505. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2011.618501. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22133060/
    • Bharathi M.D., Thenmozhi A.J. Attenuation of Aluminum-Induced Neurotoxicity by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Wistar Rats. Int. J. Nutr. Pharmacol. Neurol. Dis. 2018;8:35. doi: 10.4103/IJNPND.IJNPND_23_18  google scholar https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Int.+J.+Nutr.+Pharmacol.+Neurol.+Dis.&title=Attenuation+of+Aluminum-Induced+Neurotoxicity+by+Tannoid+Principles+of+Emblica+officinalis+in+Wistar+Rats&author=M.D.+Bharathi&author=A.J.+Thenmozhi&volume=8&publication_year=2018&pages=35&doi=10.4103/IJNPND.IJNPND_23_18& 
    • Khanna S., Das A., Spieldenner J., Rink C., Roy S. Supplementatihttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25756303/
    •  Nampoothiri S.V., Prathapan A., Cherian O.L., Raghu K.G., Venugopalan V.V., . Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011;49:125–131. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.006   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24418077/
    • image courtesy https://www.freepik.com/search?format=search&last_filter=query&last_value=indian+amla&query=indian+amla

  • Serotonin neurotransmitter – health implications beyond mental wellness

     It is a well-known fact that serotonin is one of the most essential neurotransmitter molecules that contributes to happiness or sensation of mental well-being in human beings along with dopamine. However, further research studies have found that serotonin plays multiple other important roles in human body. Let us have a glimpse at it.

    An overview of serotonin- its structure & functions

    Serotonin is a chemical compound that functions primarily as a neurotransmitter and it is found in the brain, gut, and platelets. Low levels of serotonin are linked to depression, while both low and high levels can lead to other physical and psychological health issues, such as serotonin syndrome if there is an excess production or intake of serotonin owing to drug overdosage.

    In addition to its role as a neuro signalling molecule it regulates several important bodily functions, including mood, sleep, gastric motility, blood clotting, sexual and urinary functions.

    The scientific name of serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]. Serotonin is produced in brain and intestine and regulates sleep wake cycles, appetite, mood, and inhibits pain. Serotonin is produced in the raphe nuclei of the brainstem and the enterochromaffin cells of the intestinal mucosa.

      The production of serotonin (5-HT) starts in human body using the essential amino acid tryptophan, which undergoes hydroxylation (an oxidation reaction) to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) and decarboxylation to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The hydroxylation reaction requires tryptophan hydroxylase, which is considered the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin production.

    Tryptophan hydroxylase is primarily localized to the raphe nuclei of brain and enterochromaffin cells of the intestinal mucosa, which are the main sites of serotonin production.

    serotonin production is metabolically dependent on vitamin B6 or pyridoxine also.

    Serotonin activity is regulated by its rate of production, release, and metabolism.

    Serotonin is popular as a molecule produced by nervous system which can regulate your mood. But serotonin also plays crucial roles in regulating memory, anger, fear, appetite, stress, addiction, sexual pleasure, sleep, pain perception, cerebral vascular tone, and central respiratory drive.

    This article explores the extra roles played by serotonin in human body functioning.

    Functions of serotonin

    • on brain & nervous system

    Mood and cognition: Helps regulate mood, anxiety, learning, memory, and executive function.

    Sleep and wakefulness: Influences sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.

    •  On digestive system

    Serotonin increases gastric emptying, gut motility, intestinal secretion, and colonic tone. This is very important for proper digestion, absorption and waste removal from gut.

    • promoting insulin secretion
    •  lipogenesis or fat deposition in liver and body parts.
    • Action on lung blood vessels.

          increases pulmonary vascular resistance, and may induce remodelling of the pulmonary vasculature.

    • Act on female reproductive system &urinary functions.

    Serotonin has control over urinary functions, uterine blood vessels constriction, uterine muscle tone, maturation of cells of ovary.

    • Blood clotting:

     Causes blood vessels to narrow (vasoconstriction) at the site of a wound to help form clots and heal wounds & injuries.

    • serotonin is also involved in bone metabolism, liver regeneration, and cell division.

    Serotonin production in human body-Role of gut

     The nutrients received through the foods you consume everyday have pivotal role in regulating your brain functions and thus in contributing to mental & physical health. Your brain produces many types of neurotransmitters or chemicals for its proper functioning through the help of dietary nutrients. These nutrients help the production and functioning of neurotransmitters and nerve cells of brain.

     About 95% of serotonin is produced in the gastrointestinal tract, and the gastrointestinal tract is lined with a hundred million nerve cells, or neurons. It is very clear from this fact that digestive system not only helps to digest food, but also guide the emotions. Therefore, our gastrointestinal tract or gut is considered as our second brain. Problem with gut production and processing of serotonin affect the mood and mental wellbeing.

    The production of serotonin is helped by good gut bacteria of intestinal microbiome. These bacteriae play crucial roles in the health, protecting the linings of intestines.

    Serotonin deficiency and health impacts

    Low serotonin levels are associated with conditions like major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The detailed list of disorders includes:

    • Depression and other mood problems.
    • Anxiety.
    • Sleep problems.
    • Digestive problems.
    • Suicidal behavior.
    • Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder.
    • Panic disorders.
    • Schizophrenia.
    • Phobias[fears].

    Although we are aware only about a few functions of serotonin in human body at present, this neurotransmitter is potentiated to have many other unclear and vague effects on human body. Further extensive research is needed to unravel  the role of serotonin in the body in physiological state as well as in disease.

    What is serotonin syndrome?

    Excessive serotonin activity can cause several pathologic symptoms.It usually happen with drug over intake for managing depression..The symptoms include

    shivering

    Vomiting

    diarrhoea

    Arrhythmias or irregular heart beats

    Agitation

    Excitement

    Increased sweating

    sleeplessness

    Confusion

    Anxiety

    Increased serotonin levels in the body may lead to a potentially life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome. It is manifested with symptoms ranging from mild shivering, diarrhea, vomiting to severe muscle rigidity, fever, seizures etc..

    How to improve your serotonin levels naturally?

    • Physical exercise

    In order to boost serotonin optimally in your body regular physical exercise is recommended in moderate level.

    Regular exercise definitely helps to boost serotonin levels. Thirty minutes of aerobic exercise five times a week plus two strength-training sessions per week may be adequate to improve the mood problems due to serotonin deficiency.

    • Exposure to sunlight

    Getting exposed to sunlight for around 10 to 15 minutes every day may help to boost not only serotonin levels but vitamin D levels too.

    • Diet

    Eating foods rich in tryptophan, such as nuts, cheese, and red meat, can help the body produce serotonin.

    • Medical treatment

     For people with clinically low levels of serotonin medications are prescribed.

    • Dietary supplements

     Tryptophan, probiotics and SAMe.

            Herbal supplements: These can include ginseng, St. John’s wort, Syrian rue and nutmeg. Further extensive research is needed regarding herbal supplements.

    written by dr sanjana p souparnika

    References for further reading

    1. The expanded biology of serotonin

    Miles Berger 1, John A Gray, Bryan L RothAffiliations ExpandPMID: 19630576 PMCID: PMC5864293 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.60.042307.110802https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19630576/

    • Yabut JM, Crane JD, Green AE, Keating DJ, Khan WI, Steinberg GR. Emerging Roles for Serotonin in Regulating Metabolism: New Implications for an Ancient Molecule. Endocr Rev. 2019 Aug 01;40(4):1092-1107 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30901029/
    • image courtesy https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/cute-young-sportswoman-giving-advices-how-stay-fit-smiling-joyfully-gazing-friendly-pointing-t-shirt-belly-standing-delighted-pleased-with-happy-look-grey-wall_10152248.htm#fromView=search&page=1&position=31&uuid=6f8f3e9c-8fad-4934-aa0e-3052890e47bc&query=aman+happy+with+better+gut+health

  • Hazel nuts to boost cardiovascular health

    Recently hazelnut has garnered attention of fitness enthusiasts in western countries and Europe due to its potential s to prevent heart attack and stroke. They are rich in vitamin E too.

    Hazelnuts are popular snack ingredient of fitness lovers as it aids in losing weight also. Furthermore, this nut has properties for preventing cardiac diseases and for improving gut health.

    Botanical information

    Hazel nuts are nutrients rich nuts of the hazel tree (Corylus avellana). It is the fruit of the hazel tree and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus corylus especially the nuts of the species corylus avellana.

    A hazelnut cob is roughly spherical to oval in shape and it is about 15–25 millimetres long and 10–15 mm in diameter,. It has an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell, while a filbert is more elongated.

    As it ripens the nut falls out of the husk. It happens about seven to eight months after pollination. The seed is edible and  can be consumed raw or it can be roasted or ground into a paste.

    Health benefits of hazel nuts

    1.improves digestion

    Hazelnuts are a good source of dietary fiber which helps bowel motility and improves bowel health preventing constipation.

    2. antioxidant potential

    These nuts are rich in vitamin E and the antioxidant help to improve the health of your skin, hair and nervous system.

    3.improves cardiovascular health

    Hazel nuts help to reduce cholesterol and blood sugar level. A few research studies suggest that they are potentiated to reduce insulin resistance.

    Hazel nuts help to reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases reducing the impact of these risk factors.

    4. used for weight loss

    The role of hazel nuts in obesity reduction is not confirmed. However a few studies with small sample size suggests its role in in weight reduction.

    Hazel nuts as a part of your diet

    It is a nutritious nut that can be included to all your snacks and confectionaries in moderate amounts.You may use hazel nuts with breakfast cereals and salad dressings.

    Caution & safety in consuming hazel nuts

     Generally hazel nuts are very nutritious nuts consumed by the global population. However, there is a caution for use by people having allergy to hazel nuts.

    Written by dr sanjana p

    References

    1.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415431/

    2.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5188407/

    4.https://www.britannica.com/plant/hazelnut

  •  Solutions for preventing Mild cognitive impairment

     Cognition is a terminology that often come across in our everyday discussions& readings related to thinking and brain functions. What is cognition? How cognitive impairment do occur and what are the ways to prevent cognitive impairment?

     

    Cognition simply refers to any process related to perceiving, thinking, understanding, reasoning and comprehending. According to American psychological association cognition is defined as all forms of knowing and awareness, such as perceiving, conceiving, remembering, reasoning, judging, imagining, and problem solving. Along with affect and conation, it is one of the three traditionally identified components of mind. An individual percept, idea, memory, or the like.

        Cognitive impairment is a condition related to reduced brain functions related to memory, understanding and comprehension. It is a term used for indicating problems with thinking, memory, and judgment, ranging from mild to severe.

     It may eventually affect the quality of life if left untreated. Mild cognitive impairment can often be managed with lifestyle changes and a few simple medications. However, more severe cognitive impairment may impact a person’s ability to perform daily activities. It may present as:

    • Difficulty with thinking and memory &in concentrating, learning new things, or remembering past events.
    • Language and communication also affected. Difficulty in finding the right words or following conversations.

     Therefore, it is crucial to prevent risk factors leading to cognitive impairment. It is not possible to prevent totally, some dementia or severe cognitive impairment causing factors. However, the risk can be considerably reduced by paying some attention to our daily routine and habits.

    Some modifiable risk factors & solutions to prevent cognitive impairment

           Cognitive functioning of brain is dependent on several factors related to our daily lives.

     A few factors leading to cognitive impairment are listed here:

    1] Sleep

     Sleeping for 6-8 hours is crucial for proper functioning and repair of nervous system. Sleep deprivation has detrimental impact on nervous system functioning. How does sleep benefits us in improving the health of nervous system?

    • Sleep plays a crucial role in reducing mental fatigue and helping memory and recall. Studies have proven that lack of sleep affects long-term memory, working memory, attention, higher order executive function, and various decision-making processes. Sleep deprivation can impair memory, recall functions of the brain. Furthermore, it may elevate your stress levels.
    • Sleep is essential for regenerating certain areas of brain

    It is important for brain to continue the regenerative processes within neurons for ensuring proper functioning of brain and nervous system. It happens during sleep hours. Sleep deprivation hampers the regenerative processes.

    • During sleep beta amyloid fibrils are removed by CSF.

      According to research studies during sleep, the cerebrospinal fluid removes the beta-amyloid metabolite in the brain which are harmful to brain functions as they have been implicated in the disease pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Beta amyloid metabolite is notorious for causing Alzheimer’s disease. That means, sleep deprivation may enhance the risk of Alzheimer’s disease increasing beta amyloid fibril deposition.

    • Brain cell damage is repaired during sleep

    It is during sleep that certain enzymes repair brain cell damage caused by free radicals. Sleep deprivation prevents this repairing process. It is a fact that the brain functions normally because of the neurotransmitters, and neurons that are unable to rest or regenerate.

     Studies have shown that sleep [particularly NREM sleep]is important for turning off the norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine neurotransmitters, which is the time available for receptors to “rest” and regain sensitivity to be more effective at naturally produced levels again.

     Each phase of the sleep cycle has critical role in restoring restores and rejuvenating the brain for optimal function. Normally the glymphatic system of brain eliminate toxins building up with in the nervous system and brain during sleep. It cannot eliminate these toxins that can build up, and negatively affects cognitive abilities, behaviour, and judgment if there is lack of sleep.

    • Lack of sleep also affects your linguistic capacity.

    Temporal lobe of brain is linked with language processing. Sleep deprivation affects it very adversely. Lack of sleep may cause slurred speech due to the brain’s incapacity to process the neuronal signal at optimum levels during waking hours.

    2] Physical activity & exercise to strengthen neuroplasticity potential of brain

    Have you heard about the unique potential of human brain neuroplasticity?  Neuroplasticity is the term referring to the brain’s ability to change, reorganize, or grow neuronal networks. This can involve functional changes due to brain damage or structural changes due to learning. Exercise and physical activity may help to boost it.

    Regular moderate aerobic exercise is an effective solution for improving neuronal health and functional abilities. It is assumed that exercise-induced memory improvement is probably mediated through neurotrophic factors, and exerkines.

     Exerkines are defined as signalling molecules released in response to acute and/or chronic exercise, which exert their effects through various pathways.

     Many organs, cells and tissues release these factors, including skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose [fat]tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (baptokines) and neurons (neurokines). Exerkines have potential roles in improving cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and neurological health. Thus, exercising helps your brain power.

       Some brain exercises to improve cognition & memory

    Brain exercises modify neuronal activity in such a way that they may help improvement in memory, cognitive functions or mental abilities.

    Practise the following things to improve cognition:

    • Learning new and complex skills

      Eg: playing instruments, games

    • Solving problems in mathematics
    •  Learning a new language
    •  Recall what you have read
    •  Cooking
    •  Visualization of words, things etc.
    •  Eye- hand coordination activities such as playing tennis, chess etc.
    • Sports games
    • yoga
    •  Meditation
    •  Completing a jigsaw puzzle
    •  Socializing
    •  Increasing vocabulary or word power
    •  Listening to music

    conclusion

    Mild cognitive impairment may affect quality of life overtime or it may progress to more serious forms if not addressed on time with adequate lifestyle changes and some simple medications for a short period of time in cases requiring them.

     In order to prevent this mental catastrophe, make a change or modification in your habits from the very early age.

    Never forget to do physical exercise in your routine; practice brain exercise and ensure that you get adequate sleep.

     It is crucial to understand that erratic sleep may disrupt your memory and other brain functions even if you exercise every day. Therefore, ensure that you sleep for at least 6-8 hours a day.

    Furthermore, yoga & meditation may help to improve health of brain and nervous system.

    Nutrition has pivotal role in maintaining the health of nervous system. Eat healthy follow balanced diet preferably, Mediterranean diet.

    Just include some micro habits to your routine for a big positive change. Enjoy this beautiful world with your senses and maintain your cognitive powers intact!

    References

    1.    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4651462/

    2.     https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16251949/

    3.  image courtesy : https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/sleeping-young-woman-lies-bed-with-eyes-closed_7728966.htm#fromView=search&page=1&position=7&uuid=b12c4cae-4833-432d-91a0-9d6f652d3a6e&query=sleeping+woman

  • Tangerine

    Tangerines are nutrtious fruits rich in vitamin C , low in calories and fats.& a good source of fiber and important minerals. Have a glimpse into the health benefits of tangerines.

    Do you love to have fresh yummy tangerines? The fruit with sweet to tart taste grow on small trees or shrubs with spiny shoots and evergreen leaves. Tangerines have flowers too. Comparing with oranges, the skin of some varieties of tangerines tends to be loose and peels off more easily. Furthermore, the taste is sourer, or tart, than that of an orange.

     It is easy to recognize good quality tangerines. They will be firm to slightly hard, heavy for their size, and pebbly-skinned with no deep grooves & reddish-orange in color.

    The tangerine are usually cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. The tree is more tolerant to drought than the fruit. The tree is easily damaged by cold or winter.

    Nutritional facts about tangerines

     These fruits are rich in vitamin C and low in calories and fats. It also a good source of fiber and minerals such as sodium, potassium , calcium and magnesium also. Therefore, tangerines can be a good addition to your healthy diet plan.

    Tangerines also contain antioxidants flavonoids and phenolics. Antioxidants can protect your body against free radicals and many serious illnesses.

    Health benefits of Tangerines

    • Antioxidants to prevent free radical damage to cells

    Tangerines are rich source of vitamin C antioxidant and several other antioxidants which fights against free radicals induced oxidative stress to your body. It is very notorious that free radicals are the morbidity causing agents . They are generated by human body as byproducts of metabolism and a few free radicals reach human body from exposure to environmental toxins. Tangerine antioxidants are potent enough to manage oxidative stress occuring to body. Oxidative stress induced by free radicals is the major cause of many grave chronic diseases.

    • Anti-inflammatory properties

    Tangerines are rich sources of vitamin C and hence protect the body against infections as well as inflammations.

    • Anti-aging properties

      The antioxidants can delay the signs of ageing preventing oxidative stress to cells on the skin and vital organs caused by the free radicals. Antioxidants, particularly vitamin C helps to boost collagen and reduce fine lines and wrinkleson skin

    • Delays age related degeneration

     The vitamins in this fruit prevents age related degenerative changes to skin and vital organs.

    • Antidiabetic properties

    Tangerines can reduce blood sugar levels if consumed in moderate levels.

    • Boosts immunity

    Tangerines are rich in vitamin C and A and therefore helps to boost immunity.

    • Improves digestion

    Fibers in tangerines help to improve digestion

    • Boosts heart health

    Tangerines contain nobiletin antioxidants that helps to improve cardiac function.

  • Endocrine disruptors – Chemicals from our daily use products disrupt hormonal balance?

    Have you heard about endocrine disruptors and serious health problems consequent to exposure to these compounds? Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds accumulating in human body from environment, food products, personal care products etc.

    Everybody is aware of the devastating impact of plastics on our ecosystems. The chemicals in plastics and various other consumer products are endangering the health of human beings as well as other organisms in the biosphere. Endocrine disruptors are some of these chemical compounds specifically acting o glands and eventually cause life threatening morbidities and disabilities.

    These chemical compounds are grouped under Endocrine disruptors as the name indicates they disrupt the hormonal rhythm of human body. What are these compounds and how do they reach human body?

    Before delving deep into the nature of these chemical compounds let us have a glimpse into the hormonal [ endocrine] system of human body.

    Endocrine system

     The endocrine system plays a pivotal role in coordinating proper functioning of the human body. Hormones play crucial roles in  co-ordinating several biological processes such as growth, metabolism, fertility, and reproduction in humans.

      Hormones are signaling molecules secreted by glands in human body, but cause significant developmental and biological effects in human body with the slightest variation in their levels.

    The major hormones produced by the human body includes thyroid hormones, insulin, pituitary hormones, sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, testosterone etc.

    Apart from these, adrenalin, noradrenalin, cortisol are hormones produced by adrenal glands which play crucial role in the body in managing the stress response.

    What are endocrine disruptors?

     Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds accumulating in human body from environment, food products, personal care products etc.

    These substances are detrimental to the body as they interfere with the normal functioning of the hormonal system. EDCs can be natural as well as man-made origin and they reach the organ systems through diet, air, skin, and water.

    The importance for awareness about endocrine disruptors

    Recent research studies focus more on endocrine disrupters as these substances show close connection with several serious health problems in males as well as females. It has been pointed out by several previous studies that EDCs cause infertility, nervous system & respiratory system diseases, cardiovascular diseases etc.  Furthermore, EDCs are linked with obesity, diabetes, learning disabilities and several other grave ailments.

     How do endocrine disruptors cause diseases?

      There are various types of endocrine disruptors .Some EDCs can function as “hormone mimics” and the body misinterpret them as hormones and cause disruption in hormonal rhythm of your body. While  a few  other groups of EDCs block natural hormonal functions in the body. All Hormones have specific functions to do in human body and any slightest error can upset the body functions at various levels.

    Some types of EDCs can affect the level of hormones in your blood as they can affect the production, breaking down, or storage of hormones. Moreover, a few EDCs can change the sensitivity of the body to different hormones.

    Common types of endocrine disrupting chemicals [ EDCs]

      The endocrine disrupters have detrimental impact on human body in myriad ways and  quite often it is grave too. According to the Endocrine Society, around 85,000 human-made chemicals in the world, and 1,000 or more of these substances can work as endocrine disruptors. These include

    • Industrial chemicals and pesticides

     Some well-known examples of this category includes DDT, Chlorpyrifos, Atrazine, 2, 4-D, Glyphosate.

     These pesticides reaching the food chain can cause unpredictably grave adverse impacts to the organ systems of human body.

    Perchlorate is a colorless salt manufactured and used as an industrial chemical to make rockets, explosives, and fireworks. This compound can also be found in some groundwater sources and can cause health hazards.

    • Household chemicals

             Lead, Phthalates, Cadmium are a few toxic chemicals reaching from household items of children. Bisphenol A (BPA), Phthalates, Phenol are found in plastics and food storage materials.

    Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It is used in manufacturing, food packaging, toys, and other applications. BPA resins may be found in the lining of some canned foods and beverages.

    Phthalates are a large group of compounds used as liquid plasticizers. They are found in some food packaging, cosmetics, fragrances, children’s toys, and medical device tubing.

    Some cosmetics of your daily use are sources of phthalates.These include nail polish, hair spray, aftershave lotion, cleanser, and shampoo.

    • Fabrics treated with flame retardants
    •  Cosmetics

    Cosmeticssuch as lotions, products with fragrance, and anti-bacterial soaps etc. Triclosan is an ingredient that was previously added to some antimicrobial and personal care products, like liquid body wash and soaps.

    • Processed foods
    • Soy-based products

    The phyto estrogens in soy products can mimic oestrogen hormone in women of reproductive age group and act as an endocrine disruptor.

    • Industrial solvents and lubricants contain Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Dioxins. Also Brominated Flame Retardants.

     PCBs found in building materials are endocrine disruptors.

    (PCBs) were used to make electrical equipment, such as transformers, and are in hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, lubricants, and plasticizers. PCBs were mass-produced globally until they were banned in 1979.

    Endocrine disruptors [EDCs] and their adverse health effects

    Studies that pertain to the impact of EDCs on human health requires cutting edge research in future as corroborative evidences. However, currently it has been found that EDCs can cause:

    • Neurological and behavioral changes
    • Difficulty with stress response.
    • Impact on metabolism
    • obesity and type 2 diabetes
    •  interfere with thyroid function
    • infertility

    Some classes of EDCs (DDT, BPA, phthalates, PCBs, others) can affect reproductive health by mimicking or blocking the effects of male and female sex hormones

    •  affect growth and development
    • High exposures to EDCs during gestation can lead to low-birth weight in infants and developmental problems.
    • Disrupted sexual development
    • Low immunity
    • Cancer

    Exposure to estrogen or androgen mimicking EDCs can promote breast and prostate cancer growth and/or interfere with hormonal cancer therapy

    • Impact of EDCs on fetuses and children

    High exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals during gestation or pregnancy can have adverse impact on foetus causing developmental delays and numerous other problems in children as they grow over the years.

    Do endocrine disruptor compounds enhance the risk for breast cancer?

    It has been suggested that EDC exposures may potentially increase the risk of breast cancer. It is a fact that most of EDCs are highly persistent in the environment and bio-accumulative. However, it has to be researched meticulously to assess  the long-term impacts of EDC exposures.

     It is recommended that well-designed exposure assessments of potential EDCs in food and food packing are necessary and their potential link to breast cancer development need to be carefully evaluated.

    Phthalates -an important endocrine disrupting chemical  banned by European countries

      Phthalates are chemicals that are used in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products such as hair care products (hair sprays, mousses, and gels), deodorants (including antiperspirants), nail polishes, lotions , skin cleansers, and baby products (oils, lotions, shampoos and diaper creams). The United States and the European Union are currently regulating several phthalates including DEHP and DnBP in children’s products, and it is known that similar action is underway in Canada also.

      According to studies diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected mostly in these products.

    The European Union has banned DnBP and DEHP as both are classified in the European Union as category 2 substances to reproduction, which can impair fertility, or if they cause developmental toxicity in humans.

    conclusion 

    It is impossible to avoid or prevent EDCs encroachment into your life and environment as they are part of most of the daily use products; however their impact can be considerably mitigated by deliberate avoidance of those substances which can act as an endocrine disruptor.

    written by dr sanjana p

    References  for further reading:

    1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33819127/
    2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935111000284
    3. Endocrine Society.”Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) | Endocrine Society.” Endocrine.org, Endocrine Society, 2 February 2024, https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/edcs
    4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719706/
    5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903210/
    6. image courtesy-freepik

  • Cinnamon Health benefits

    Are you fond of cinnamon flavour? If so there is a good news about health benefits of cinnamon . Cinnamon may boost your health due to its anti cancer & anti microbial properties

    Cinnamon is an ancient spice ingredient which ruled Indian kitchens and cuisines since time immemorial. Apart from adding flavour to the delicious dishes it is endowed with various health benefits. It is really fantastic to know that beyond its culinary usage as flavouring ingredient to add taste and aroma to Indian foods cinnamon enhances our health at multiple levels.

    The queen of Indian & south Asian cuisines – cinnamon verum

    Cinnamon is known as Cinnamomum verum in the world of botanical science and medicine. It is an evergreen tree that belongs to family Lauraceae .

    Cinnamon used as a spice in Indian kitchens, is derived from its bark. The tree is native to South Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar (Burma). It is also cultivated in South America and the West Indies. Cinnamon has been known since ancient times. Cinnamomum verum, is native to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Herodotus, Aristotle and other authors named Arabia as the source of cinnamon.

    The dried inner bark is brown in colour and has a delicately fragrant aroma and a warm sweet flavour. Essential oil of cinnamon is distilled from the bark fragments. Cinnamon oil is used for use in various foods, perfume, and in drugs.

    The main varieties of cinnamon available in Asia include Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), which is chiefly grown in Sri Lanka. It is known as “true” cinnamon. Cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum),is  grown  all over southeastern Asia.

    Cinnamon in the pages of history

    Cinnamon is a  prominent spice used in many rituals & ceremonies  since ancient times. When you turn the pages of ancient world history you may come across several curious facts pertaining to usage of cinnamon. Egyptians used it for embalming and religious practices.

     In medieval Europe many religious rites and rituals were performed using cinnamon as a flavouring agent. During that era cinnamon was a very expensive ingredient in Europe and other parts of the world.

     Cinnamon has an incredible story of inspiring western voyagers like Christopher Columbus and Vasco Da Gama to embark on an expedition to South Asia in quest of this precious spice in 15th century.  It is a fascinating narrative by various travellers of the period that this quest lead to the discovery of new countries and continents.

     Overtime cinnamon conquered the western markets as the most sought after and profitable spice in the Dutch East India Company’s global trade.

    Harvesting & processing of cinnamon

    Cinnamon is an evergreen tree with oval-shaped leaves, thick bark and a berry fruit. While harvesting the spice, the bark and leaves are the main parts of the plant used. The harvesting includes cutting the shoots of the plant close to the ground. In processing, the shoots are first scraped with a semicircular blade and then rubbed with a brass rod to loosen the bark, which is split with a knife and peeled. The peels are telescoped one into another, forming a quill about 107 cm (42 inches) long and filled with trimmings of the same quality bark to maintain a cylindrical shape.

    After this process follows four or five days of drying and the quills are rolled on a board to tighten the filling . Again they are placed in subdued sunlight for further drying for a few days. Finally, they are bleached with sulfur dioxide and sorted into grades.

    Cinnamon is used as an aromatic condiment and flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines. The aroma and flavour of cinnamon is due to the presence of essential oil and principal component, cinnamaldehyde.

    Ground cinnamon is 11% water, 81% carbohydrates (including 53% dietary fiber), 4% protein and 1% fat.Since ancient times cinnamon has been in use as part of traditional medicine  primarily in Asian countries.

    Of late many research studies have explored the beneficial effects of cinnamon in Parkinsons, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Cinnamon seems to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antilipemic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties.

    Health benefits of cinnamon

    • Potential to reduce blood glucose levels

    A few small studies suggests that cinnamon helps to lower blood glucose levels. Cinnamon seems to possess an insulin sensitizing action which may help to reduce blood sugar. However, more extensive studies are needed to corroborate these preliminary research findings.

    •      Improves brain health

    The phytochemicals of cinnamon facilitate brain’s ability to utilize glucose.

    Cinnamon helps to limit the Alzheimer induced changes in the brain and modulates the brain insulin signaling also.

    •      Antimicrobial activity

    Cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon possess anti-microbial activity. It can inhibit the growth of Listeria , Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, fungus like Aspergillus flavus, Mucor plumbeus and yeast species such as Candida lipolytica.

    •      Antioxidant property.

    The antioxidant property is owing to the eugenol component in cinnamon.

    •      Reduces blood pressure

    Cinnamon can reduce high blood pressure.

    •      Anti-cancer effects

    One of the main causations of gastric carcinoma is the gram-negative bacilli Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

    Cinnamon extract can decrease the colonization of this  bacteria  in the gut to some extent. However further extensive research is needed in this regard.

    The potential of cinnamon extract to induce apoptosis in tumor cells and also  inhibiting the activity of NFκB accentuate the anti-cancer properties.

    •      Protects from heart diseases

    The  cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid protect the heart due to their ability to produce nitric oxide . Also these have anti-inflammatory effect which helps in reducing atherosclerosis or clot and plaque formation within bloodvessels.

     It also helps to prevent high cholesterol.

    Safety & caution

    Cinnamon supplements consumption is safe. Also when cinnamon consumed in small amount generally used in foods as a spice or flavouring agent.

    Excessive consumption or intake for prolonged period of time is associated with side effects such as gastrointestinal problems or allergic reactions.

    Cassia cinnamon contains a chemical called coumarin, which can be harmful to the liver. Huge and prolonged use of cassia cinnamon may cause liver problems.

    written by dr sanjana p

    References

    1.     https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon

    2.     Howard ME, White ND. Potential benefits of cinnamon in type 2 diabetes. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2012;7:23–6. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]

    3.     https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24001892/

    4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4466762/

  • Star anise antioxidants to prevent lifestyle diseases & obesity

    Star anise one of the flavouring agents of Indian cuisines,has the potential to prevent life style diseases and obesity being the rich source of bioactive compounds.

    Star anise -an overview

    Star anise is familiar to Indian kitchens as one of the key spice ingredients adding flavors to Indian cuisines. It is a fragrant licorice smelling spice used chiefly in cooking Biriyanis and delicious seafood reciipes since antiquity. Star anise is popularly known as “chakra phool” due to its wheel like shape.

    Star anise [illicium verum] is a medium sized evergreen tree native to South east Asian countries, particularly China. The Chinese star anise is well known for its quality and comparatively low propensity to trigger allergy. It is a safe variety of star anise to consume.

    The leaves of the tree are fragrant and the tree yields pink to red flowers also. This spice seed is taken from the fruits of the tree. The fruit is a capsule-like follicetum, star-shaped, reddish-brown, and contains six to eight follicles arranged in a whorl.

    Star anise as a food ingredient provides numerous health benefits. The spice is a treasure-trove of numerous biologically active compounds which protect against various lifestyle diseases afflicting the mankind.

    According to recent medical research studies, this flavoring ingredient offers great health benefits due to the presence of antioxidant compounds within it. Let us have a glimpse at the health benefits star anise provides.

    Health benefits of star anise

    • Antioxidant property

    Star anise contains several types of polyphenols and flavanoids. Phenolic compounds in star anise include p-coumeric acid, gallic aid, cinamic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. Catechin and rutin are the major flavonoids. Antioxidants protect against oxidative stress related diseases to body organs such as lifestyle diseases, cancer etc.

    • Antimicrobial &anti-inflammatory properties

     Apart from the antioxidant property to remove oxidative stress to cells of human body, star anise has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties owing to the presence of these compounds in it :

    Linalool

    Quercetin

    Anethole

    Shikimic acid

    Gallic acid

    Limonene.

    Shikimic acid imparts it the antiviral property to fight against viral infections.

     The flavonoid anethole provides it antifungal properties.

    Star anise has the potential to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)). It also helps to reduce oxidative stress.

    In a nutshell, star anise protects your body against microorganisms causing inflammations and infectious diseases.

    • Obesity & cholesterol reducing potential

    A study [2] showed that star anise tea consumption significantly reduced the overweight  and BMI. Furthermore, it significantly lowered the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL were observed in the study. It is a hopeful news that star anise helps to decrease bad cholesterol and fat accumulation within the body and prevent heart attacks and strokes chiefly along with other complications of obesity.

    Culinary use of star anise:

    It is used in Indian subcontinent chiefly as a flavoring agent added mostly to various types of Biriyanis and Masala chais. It has an equal significance in Chinese cuisines also as one of the quintessential flavoring ingredients commonly known as”the five spice powder”.

    Caution regarding consumption of star anise :-

    Consume only a very small amount of this spice. Chinese variety is generally safe. Excess intake may cause allergy,

     Copyrighted Dr sanjana p (Dr sanjana vb)

    References

    1. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol15no2/antioxidant-and-anti-inflammatory-activity-of-star-anise-illicium-verum-in-murine-model/  Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Star Anise (Illicium Verum) in Murine Model,Ibrahim S Majal.Department of medical laboratory sciences, Mu’tah University, Karak Jordan
    2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9686881/

  • Green tea -Health benefits

    Green tea is one of the most sought-after health drinks &consumed widely by fitness freaks as well as common people globally. It is consumed for its taste as well as with the goal of achieving better health.

    Green tea is extracted from the leaves of the plant camelia sinensis.Commonly young leaves and budding leaves are used for making this beverage. Green tea intake is beneficial in numerous ways. It is one of the major sources of Catechins which are a type of polyphenol antioxidants with immense health benefits.

    History

    Green tea originated in China in the late 1st millennium BC. From here it spread to various parts of the world as a refreshing and stimulating drink. There are narrations about green tea in ancient Chinese texts about green tea. The book written by Lu Yu [ between 618- 907 AD] describes about the origin of green tea. Another book penned by Zen priest Eisai describes about the stimulant effects of green tea and how it is extracted from the leaves.

    Green tea compounds- Antioxidants

    Green tea contains polyphenols mostly catechins. The four main catechin compounds are (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and (−)-epicatechin (EC).

    Other components include three kinds of flavonoids, known as kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin.

    Health benefits of green tea on heart, brain & skin

    • Antioxidant potential

    Catechins found in green tea are effective antioxidants potent enough to prevent oxidative stress.

    • Boosts cardiovascular health

    These are capable of preventing atherosclerotic plaque formation in Coronary artery and hence help in preventing heart diseases. This potential of green tea to thwart clot formation in blood vessels to heart and brain help in preventing heart attack and stroke. Furthermore, green tea can reduce can reduce triglycerides and cholesterol levels in the human blood.

    • Prevents sun induced damage to your skin Antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and photo protective functions of green tea make it a great addition to healthy life styles. Green tea helps to protect the skin from sun induced damage and premature ageing. It has immunomodulatory and photo protective effects on skin against UV rays of sun. Catechins in green tea are natural antioxidants that has key role in the prevention of cell damage.
    • Green tea helps to boost cognitive functions of your brain.

    Caffeine, of green tea constituents can improve brain function, including mood, vigilance, reaction time, and memory. Amino acid L-theanine, of green tea can cross the blood-brain barrier.

    Safety /cautionary warnings for green tea consumption

    It is advisable to take only 1-2 cups of green tea a day and in this amount green tea intake is not associated with any detrimental effects to the body. However, if you are sensitive to caffeine green tea may cause tremors or shivering and anxiety.

    Excessive intake may cause liver problems.

    Drug interactions:

    Green tea may interact with nadolol, a beta-blocker used for high blood pressure and heart problems lowering your blood pressure as much as it should. Green tea has presence of vitamin K in small amounts which can interact with proper functioning of blood thinner medicines. Therefore, for patients using beta blocker drugs, and blood thinners like aspirin, clopidogrel etc.  green tea is not a good choice.

    written by Dr sanjana p

    References

    • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843789/
    • https://www.nature.com/articles/srep24353
    •   https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/camellia-sinensis