indiheritage.com

Author: Dr.Sanjana p Souparnika

  • 7 ways to avoid procrastination & maximize your productivity

    The habit of procrastination or delaying your work by setting aside may be a big reason for your failure in achieving success. Procrastination is an impediment or hindrance on your way to progress in life. Say good bye to procrastination. But how? How to maximize your productivity & creative potential?

    • Improve your physical & mental health

    Your mind is under the control of your brain and your mood is a big factor. So healthy habits play a key role in developing a healthy mind. You can achieve that pinnacle of success by training and nourishing your brain’s health. In a nutshell eat healthy to improve your physical and mental health including more vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts and seeds in your diet plan. Exercise regularly at least for 40 minutes.

    • Begin the action immediately to avoid procrastination

    The best way to overcome procrastination is to start taking action before your brain says NO with multiple lame excuses. Do not think about the perfect action plan or time to do something. Just begin. Only that’s enough to generate interest in your work. From that moment of overcoming procrastination you should begin the next step of action.

    • Prioritize the tasks

    You may have to make an action plan at this stage to go forward with it. Identify your work strategy & policies and then try to prioritize tasks on the basis of urgency &importance. Focus on very significant & urgent tasks with higher priority. Later move on to tasks that have been assigned with lower priorities.

    • Be clear about your targets

    Have great clarity about your goals. Always choose achievable less difficult goals first. Focus on small achievable goals first as fulfilling these can boost your confidence and may guide you to achieve more complex tasks.

    • Organize your work &time well

    Manage your time as per the priority of the work. Avoid distractions and include the habit of consistency into your life. Work consistently  sitting  everyday at a particular time , in a particular space. Your work space and time schedule will become part of your life gradually. Consistent action may definitely help you progress in life.

    • Cultivate growth mindset

    Adopt a positive growth mindset which can find challenges as learning opportunities. Embrace  hindrances with a positive mind .Never run away from them. Adversity may help you grow if you are ready to face it with adequate planning & strategies.

    • Celebrate your success

    Even your small successes can boost your motivation and may help you achieve your bigger tasks or goals eventually. It can tell you that you are on the right path and help you advance in that direction overtime. So celebrate your success every time with your team mates or supporters.

  • On the shore

    No clouds of grey scattered on the horizon of my dreams

    The sky is bright and sunny,

    The pelagic birds faintly visible far on surface of sea

    I too walk on this lone shore of dreams,

    With the oscillating silvery tides of joy wetting the anklets,

    With the murmuring breezy winds whispering into my ears.

    The shells of yesteryears slept under the seabed

    enlivened your memories

    While I gathered a few that settled on the shore

    Perhaps to quench the curious mind

    That followed your footprints for decades vanished into oblivion;

    Whenever the towering waves terrified my consciousness

    I found you on the clouds over the sea,

    The days and nights of the springs &autumn

    hibernated in the frozen land of memories

    Those shells emanate the fragrance of your heydays in this land;

     Still its mellifluous music enchant you from miles away.

     Migrating birds of this shore reach your land ,

    The water of the sea travel miles to touch your feet,

    Tell you to be part of this shore where I walk,

    In search of those shells of seabed sleeping for decades…

    And those butterflies flying high for me to the rainbows

     on my firmament which never fade with time

    Although rain of my land drizzled over for years perpetually…

    copyright dr sanjana p souparnika

    image courtesy : Image by lifeforstock on Freepik

  • Tamil literature

      The Tamil literature encompasses a wide a collection of literary works that originated from a tradition spanning more than two thousand years in South India. It also portrays the history of Tamil Nadu, with its social, economic, political and cultural trends of various periods.

       Tamil is one of the oldest Dravidian languages of Indian subcontinent. The Tamil writing system evolved from the Brahmi script. The scriptures in Tamil are written mostly as religious texts of Sangam period and a few in post Sangam period. The contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from Tmil speaking people of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Eelam Tamils from Sri Lanka, as well as the Tamil diaspora.

    The Sangam literature

    The early Sangam literature, dated before 300 BCE, is one of the most renowned epic poetries of Tamil literature and contains anthologies of many Tamil poets depicting various aspects of life, including love, war, social values and religion.

    Scholars consider this Tamil tradition-based chronology as ahistorical as well as mythical.  The sangam period and literature originated in South India and lasted between the period 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE. Most scholars suggest the historical Sangam literature era, also called the Sangam period, spanned from c. 300 BCE to 300 CE, while others variously place this early classical Tamil literature period a bit later  before 300 CE.

    According to Kamil Zvelebil, a Tamil literature and history scholar, the most acceptable range for the Sangam literature is 100 BCE to 250 CE, based on the linguistic and text references. Tamil tradition holds the earliest Sangam poetry to be older than twelve millennia. Modern linguistic scholarship places the poems between the first century B.C.E. and the third century C.E. The age of Sangam is established through the correlation between the evidence on foreign trade found in the poems and the writings by ancient Greek and Romans such as Periplus.

       The sangam literature is historically known as ‘the poetry of the noble ones’.

    It is believed that Sangam literature originated in three chankams, or literary academies, in Madurai, India, from the 1st to the 4th century BCE. The Tamil tradition and legends link it to three legendary literary gatherings around Madurai and Kapaṭapuram and the first lasted over 4,440 years, the second over 3,700 years, and the third over 1,850 years.

    The Sangam age is considered by the Tamil people as the golden era of the Tamil language. During this period, the Tamil country was ruled by the Cheras, Pandyas, and the Cholas.

    Many of the original literature works of Sangam period is lost. The available literature from this period has been broadly divided in antiquity into three categories based roughly on chronology. These are: The Major Eighteen Anthology Series comprising the Ettuthokai (Eight Anthologies) and the Pattupattu (Ten Idylls) and the Five Great Epics. Tolkaappiyam, a commentary on grammar, phonetics, rhetoric, and poetics, is dated from this period.

    These were composed in three successive poetic assemblies (Sangam) that were held in ancient times on a now vanished continent far to the south of India. It is believed that a significant amount of literature could have preceded Tolkappiyam, as grammar books are usually written after a literature has existed for a long period.

    The poems of Sangam literature mostly are discussing two main topics: those of the first five collections are on love (akam), and those of the next two are on heroism (puram), including the praise of kings and their deeds. Paripatal, the eighth collection, contains poems of both types.

    Post Sangam period works of Tamil literature

    Later, at the end of Sangam period many great tamil epics were written including Cilappathikaram,Manimeghalai ,Civaka cintamani ,Valayapathi and Kundalakesi.

    Manimegalai and Kundalakesi are Buddhist religious works. Civaka cintamani and Valayapathi are Tamil Jain works. Cilappathikaram does not implicate any religious views and it is written in monologue style of Sangam literature.

    The ‘Tirukkuraḷ ‘written during this period is a collection of aphorisms depicts topics such as love, kingship, and ethics. It is a work that has had great influence on Tamil culture  and life. It is usually attributed to the poet Tiruvalluvar , who is thought to have lived  in the 6th century, though some scholars assign an earlier date (1st century bc).

    The Tirukkural consists of 133 sections of 10 couplets each are divided into three books: aram (virtue), porul (government and society), and kamam (love). The first section opens with praise of God, rain, renunciation, and a life of virtue. It then presents a world-affirming vision, the wisdom of human sympathy that expands from one’s family and friends to one’s clan, village, and country. The porul section projects a vision of an ideal state and relates good citizenship to virtuous private life. The kamam section addresses both “secret love” and married love; the section on married love is written as a dialogue between husband and wife.

    From the 6th to 12th century CE, the Tamil devotional poems written by Alvars (sages of Vaishnavism) and Nayanmars (sages of Shaivism) and, heralded the onset of  great Bhakti movement which later spread to the whole Indian subcontinent.

    In the post Sangam period the early epics and moral literature, authored by Vaishnavite, Shaivite, Ajivika; probably written by Jain and Buddhist authors and poets lasting up to the 5th century CE. Original scriptures of Ajivika seems to be lost .The Ajivika school of philosophy is known for its doctrine of fate or Niyati.That is the followers believed that every happenings of past,present and future are preordained and a function of cosmic principles. This philosophy was prominent in Mauryan empire of Bindusara in the 4th century. It reached Tamil speaking areas in 14th century CE.

    During the medieval era some of the grandest of Tamil literary classics like Kambaramayanam and Periya Puranam were authored and many poets were patronized by the imperial Chola and Pandya empires.

     The later medieval period saw many assorted minor literary works and also contributions by a few Muslim and European authors.

    References

    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literature
    2. https://www.britannica.com/art/Sangam-literature
    3. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-language
    4. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Tamil_literature
    5. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tirukkural

  • Sustainable living

    Sustainable living is a method of reducing one’s “carbon footprint”. In this life style people learn to minimize their use of Earth’s resources and reduce the personal and environmental impact. It also includes healthy organic food choices.

    Sustainable living means we prioritize the use of natural and renewable resources instead of creating excess waste and depleting environmental resources for future generations. Sustainable living can counteract climate change and other negative environmental concerns happening from human activity of exploiting natural resources.

    Sustainable living is a practical life style choice or philosophy that aims to reduce personal and environmental impact by making positive changes.

    More precisely, sustainable living is a method of reducing one’s “carbon footprint”.

    In this life style people learn to minimize their use of Earth’s resources and reduce the  personal and environmental impact.

    Sustainability or sustainable living was an idea proposed to create and maintain the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony to support present and future generations.

    Living sustainably means” curb expenditure” in order to protect and improve our environment.”

        The natural resource base to supply food is being threatened by overfishing, land degradation, and more human activities exploiting natural resources. All these unbridled exploitations are polluting the world’s freshwater supplies faster than nature can purify them, and excessive use of water is contributing to global water stress. And household energy usage is contributing to 21 percent of consequential CO2 emissions.

    A few sustainable living options

    ·       Empower organic farmers & people with agricultural and financial support they needed to make a fair living without cutting down trees.

    ·       Don’t use plastic bags at checkout. Instead, take your own bags for groceries.

    ·       Buy your grains & groceries in bulk from your local farmer’s markets.

    ·       Avoid buying plastic-wrapped products, opt for a paper bag instead.

    ·       Stop buying bottled water. Use your own steel or glass bottles filled with water.

    ·       Shop at bulk food stores for any goods, avoid frequent food travels. Better take products in your own jars or bags.

    ·       Take your own paper bags or a container when buying snacks .

    ·       Support fashion brands that are ethical and environmentally conscious.

    ·       Learn how to find sustainable materials when shopping.

    ·       Go paperless to avoid deforestation or falling down trees for making paper.

    ·       Opt to receive digital letters and notices.

    ·       Send electronic wedding invitations.

    ·       Collect scrap paper in a tray.

    ·       Turn off your computer before leaving work.

    ·       Get rid of your home printer.

    ·       Unplug workstation from ports overnight to reduce phantom power.

    ·       If you need business cards, use an eco-friendly printer.

    ·       Add small pot plants to your workspace. Adopt green office environment

    ·       Always use double-sided printing where possible.

    ·       Juice the off-cuts of your vegetables and fruits.

    ·       Repurpose glass jars usage.

    ·       Use washable metal straws instead of disposable plastic straws.

    ·       Limit the use of hot water when hand washing dishes.

    ·       Use cloths instead of paper towels.

    ·       Make your own coffee instead of buying takeaway.

    ·       Ditch your bin liner or use newspaper instead.

    ·       Start composting the vegetable and food waste.

    ·       Reduce your food waste by eating only what you need.

    ·       Invest in a pressure cooker and reduce your cooking time and save energy.

  • SIGNATURE OF THE TIME

    In the haunted lands of deluge ravaged by

    torrential rain,

    In the green avenues of dark & dense forests,

    In the echoes of vestiges of time elapsed,

    In the forts decayed and frozen on mountain peaks

    I walked silently holding the hands of myriads of emotions,

    Oh time, I could see nothing devoid of your signature;

    In this ascension and descent of journey of life,

    Uttered void apparently by the external world.

    Oh times, when you fill my poetic consciousness

    As joy of Spring and struggles of Summer,

    I realize that you are the controller of seasons,

    Definition of infinity,

    Mysterious riddle with no beginning or end.

    My quests ever, in search of you

    In the rocks and stones

    Where ages fallen into deep sleep,

    The soul of a traveler in quest of history of mankind,

    Bending knees before you in reverence.

    Standing insightful,

    Witnessing imprint of signature of time 

     the existence of this universe.

    A daughter of this mankind, bound to the sheltering hands of time ,

    stands with bowed head in front of you

    to complete the journey of this birth.

    copyright poem- dr sanjana p souparnika

    image courtesty- freepik

  • Rock arts of prehistoric era, Vedic period& ancient India

    Rock arts of prehistoric era-The genesis of art in Indian subcontinent

    The origin of Indian art can be traced back to prehistoric settlements in the 3rd millennium BCE. Indian subcontinent has many rock art forms. The ancient art forms include rock paintings and engravings of prehistoric people . Later with the growth of civilizations terracotta figurines emerged as part of the culture and arts . Archeological studies denote that religious beliefs and daily life activities were portrayed in these art forms.

    Rock arts of prehistoric era

    Rock art of India includes rock relief carvings, engravings and paintings, some from the South Asian Stone Age. It is estimated there are about 1300 rock art sites with over a quarter of a million figures and figurines. The earliest rock carvings in India were discovered by Archibald Carlleyle, although his work only came to light much later via J Cockburn.

    Rock arts commonly depicted scenes of human life , animals, and hunts with stone implements. Although the topics of artistic expression were the same , their artistic style varied with region and age. The prominent feature of these art forms was a red wash made using a powdered mineral called geru, which is a form of iron oxide.

    With the emergence of civilizations the art forms also progressed in style as well as in the materials used .

    Terracotta figurines of Indus valley civilization [3300 BCE – c. 1750 BCE]

    The archeologists have found a large number of  gold, terracotta and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses from relics of Indus valley civilizations. They reveal the presence of some forms of dance prevailed during that period. The terracotta figurines from here also included cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs.

    Seals have been found at Mohenjo-Daro depicting a figure standing on its head, and another, on the Pashupati Seal, sitting cross-legged in a yoga-like pose. Thousands of steatite seals have been recovered, and their physical character is fairly consistent. In size they range from 3⁄4 inch to 11⁄2 inches square. The most famous seal piece is the bronze Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro, which shows remarkably advanced modelling of the human figure of this period.

    It is surprising that after the end of the Indus Valley Civilization, there is an absence of art of any great degree of sophistication until the Buddhist era. It is presumed that this partly reflects the use of perishable organic materials such as wood during this period and those degradable artefacts faded into oblivion overtime.

    Vedic art

     During vedic period , there is sheer absence of anthropomorphical depictions. Anthrapomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. Animal-shaped works of art  represent the earliest known evidence of anthropomorphism.

     Mauryan art (c. 322 BCE – c. 185 BCE)– Ancient Indian art

    Mauryan sculpture and architecture is characterized by a very fine Mauryan polish given to the stone, which is rarely found in later periods. Many small popular terracotta  animal and human figurines of these kinds are recovered by archeologist. The Pillars of Ashoka is another monumental art form of this period, which showed a confident and boldly mature style and craft and first of its kind iron casting without rust until date.

  • SYMPHONY OF NATURE

    The sky and the earth merge

    on the horizon of hope, on every twilight.

    Whilst the dusky sun dipping his face

    In the quietude of pacific sea

    And the turbulent waves of the day

     go for a repose at the seabed.

    As the blue white clouds vanish

    into the grey depths of starry sky,

    Inviting the moonlight for a palaver.

    Oh, the rare star of my sky

    Why do you fall into the unfathomable gloom

    of lonely nights & silent days ?

    Wake up! Wake up for a brighter sunny day,

    And get enthralled in the moonlight emerging from darkness

    when the twilight bid adieu to the scorching heat.

    The sky and earth belong to you too…

    Those migratory pelagic birds, fly beyond borders to see you too,

     With the metamorphosis of seasons.

    The same winds of fragrance

    Touches your feet too as mine

    on the shores of tranquillity.

    The soul of the universe waiting for you…

    For seeing the emergence of a better you.

    copyright poem – dr sanjana p souparnika

    image courtesy freepik

  • THE WARRIORS OF THE UNIVERSE

    The universe, the oceans and streams and valleys of mother Earth,

    Accept in silence the evils of a part of mankind.

    The foolish believed so blindly about tolerance

    since time immemorial,

    But the wise prayed in silence

    To quieten the wrath, that inevitably comes

    The fruits of infuriation,

    The fruits of devastation.

    The environs and ecosystems changed drastically out of their greed,

    Justice strangulated in the grip of corruption and power,

    The world forgot the sermons and morals of ancestral wisdom,

    Thrown away those ethos and values,

    Vanished into oblivion the songs of love and camaraderie.

    Those who had to coverup secrets raised fingers on others

    Those empowered to re-establish justice were on a nap of idleness,

    The warriors of power slept in darkness

    in the stranglehold of reign.

    The protectors of law of the land forgot the ethos and values

    Caught up in unholy nexus and spiderwebs.

    The universe was a silent witness to the lost wisdom of its people.

    However the hermits and the wise knew the power of the universe

    Yet, wondered at the dragging silence prevailed long.

    A single turn out of the Universe could bring forth

    Unfathomable miseries

    Earth quakes and tsunamis

    Landslides and deluge.

    No trace of life could survive them ever!

    But the omnipotent universe

    was awaiting something special in silence,

    The emergence of its powerful creation!

     Waiting for centuries for the arrival.

    The prayers of profound and wise

    The tears of the downtrodden,

    The hopes of the hopeless,

    The panacea to all the miseries.

    The universe had immense faith

    In the predestined change to occur.

    That had been envisioned

    The emergence of new creation,

    The re-established equilibrium of life.

    It was more meaningful than

    A one-time devastating fury of nature.

    So, the universe conspired to help

    The karma (deeds) of her special creation.

    A carbon copy of her on psych and conscience,

    A messenger of peace for the good,

    A messenger of war for the wicked.

    The universe sends her own warriors

    to the battlefield since many eons and ages,

    And many more yet to emerge, in the eons yet to come

    copyright poem – dr sanjana p souparnika

    image courtesy- freepik

  • Neeli gulmohars [ Jacaranda]

    NEELI GULMOHARS

     In the valley of Neeli gulmohars,

    Empyreal blue fires of the sky,

    Ethereal fragrance of Spring

    Bid adieu to come again in Summer

    As if the rain of my land and I come to meet you in monsoons

    Bidding farewell to come back

    When the roses and gulmohars bloom again.

    In the aureate radiance of gulmohars or in the throes of memories.

    In the firmament of my sky

    Or in the lap of nature

    Your dreams enlivened.

    I don’t blame the Gulmohars and

     their lucent purplish hues,

    Enticed you more than my charm.

    Or the flickering mists of the newly arrived Spring.

    copyright poem Dr sanjana p souparnika

    image courtesy- freepik

  • Sharavati river basin

    Sharavati river

    Sharavati is one of the well known rivers flowing through Karnataka state ,India and major part of the river basins lies in the western ghats.

    Sharavati river flows through Shivamogga and Uttara Kannada districts of Karnataka. The river is around 128 km long and it joins the Arabian Sea at Honnavar in Uttara Kannada district.

     On its way to Arabian Sea, the Sharavati forms the Jog Falls [ in Siddapur taluk ,Uttarakannada district] where the river falls from a height of 253 m.

    The river is dammed at Linganamakki. This part of the river above the dam is upstream and the remaining is downstream. The Linganamakki dam located in the Sagar taluk has a length of 2.4 km  and was constructed across the Sharavati river in 1964.

     The major tributaries of the river are Nandihole, Haridravathi, Mavinahole, Hilkunji, Yennehole, Hurlihole, and Nagodihole

    Origin of the river and myth

     

      Indian geography and landscapes are intricately connected with mythology, epics and religious sentiments of the country. As Diana .L. Huc describes in her book ‘ India a sacred geography ‘ each and every landscapes including rivers, mountains and forests of this land are elaborately linked to the stories of gods & heroes of myths & epics. The Sharavati river also is not an exception to this sacred connection.

         Sharavati originates at a place called Ambutheertha in the Thirthahalli taluk. According to ancient legend, the Hindu god Rama [ Of epic Ramayana] shot at the ground with his Ambu (arrow) to quench the thirst of his consort sita devi. When his arrow hit the ground, water[ Thirtha] poured out. This location of origin of the River is known as thirthahalli [  which translates into” A hamlet of water”]. The river which originated from an arrow later known as “Sharavati” as “Shara” translates to arrow.

    Indian subcontinent has an amazing number of myths and legends, rituals and festivities connected with its geography & landscape. It denotes that ancient people of India had given supreme reverence to nature and regarded everything they received from nature as gifts of God. In Indian subcontinent the landscapes are not only connected with Hinduism, but also they have been linked to Buddhism, Jainism and various other religions of the subcontinent. If the historical geography of any particular landscape is studied it may point out that the rivers, mountains and other landscapes were part of many literary documents.

    Sharavati river basin- Climate, Biodiversity ,Wild life

    The river basin lies in Uttara Kannada and Shivamogga districts of Karnataka,India.  The  Sharavati river basin gets a large amount of rainfall. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 6000 mm in the western side to 1700 mm in the eastern side of the basin. Monsoon in July fills the river abundantly.

    Generally the climate is cool [22.2degree Celsius]. Humidity exceeds 75% for most times of the year. During the months of monsoon, the relative humidity during the afternoons is approximately 60%.

    The Sharavati river basin is rich in biodiversity. In a survey conducted in the basin, 23 amphibians belonging to the families of Bufonidae, Ichthyophiidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae and Rhacophoridae were recorded.

    The Sharavati waters contain a few special species of fishes which are named after the river.These include:

    Batasio sharavatiensis: A bagrid catfish discovered near Jog Falls, Uttara Kannada district.

    Schistura sharavatiensis: A fish species discovered in Sharavati river near Algod, Shimoga district.

    Two new species of diatoms were also discovered from Hirebhaskeri Dam of Sharavati River in 2011.

    A part of the Sharavati river basin was declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 20 April 1972

    Sharavati wildlife sanctuary

    The river basin is home to many species of plants and animals. Due to the presence of rich biodiversity a part of the Sharavati river basin was declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 20 April 1972.  The wild life sanctuary is spread over an area of 431.23 km2 , it has dense evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. The vegetation here ibnclude evergreen, semi-green and some moist deciduous forests.

     Trees in the evergreen forest include species such as Dipterocarpus indicus, Calophyllum tomentosum, Machilus macrantha, Caryota urens and Aporosa lindleyana. In the semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, common species include Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Hopea parviflora, Dalbergia latifolia, Dillenia pentagyna, Careya arborea, Emblica officinalis, Randia sp., Terminalia sp. and Vitex altissima.

    The altitude in the sanctuary varies from 94 m to 1102 m, the highest point being Devarakonda on the southern edge of the sanctuary.

    Linganamakki reservoir

    Linganamakki reservoir, with an area of 128.7 km2 , is a part of this sanctuary. The remaining area has been divided into core zone (74.33 km2.), buffer zone (170.67 km2) and tourism zone (57.53 km2). Honnemaradu is an island on the reservoir formed by the Linganamakki dam. It is located in the Sagar taluk of Shimoga district. This place is popular for water sports, such as canoeing, kayaking and wind surfing.

    The wild life including the animal species is varied in the sanctuary. It is home to the endangered lion-tailed macaque. Other mammals include tiger, leopard (black panther), wild dog, jackal, sloth bear, spotted deer, sambar, barking deer, mouse deer, wild boar, common langur, bonnet macaque, Malabar giant squirrel, giant flying squirrel, porcupine, otter and pangolin.

     Reptiles are also part of the wildlife here and include king cobra, python, rat snake, crocodile and monitor lizard.  Sharavati river basin wild life sanctuary has numerous birds also. Some of the avian species include hornbill, paradise flycatcher, racket-tailed drongo and Indian lories and lorikeets.

    How to reach Sharavati river basin?

    Nearest airport is Mangalore international airport. The distance by road from Manglore to sharavati is 200km. You can also reach from Bangalore airport.[274km].

    References

    • A Walk on the Wild Side, An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka, Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar, Karnataka Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, October 2000
    • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharavati