Author: Dr.Sanjana p Souparnika

  •  Solutions for preventing Mild cognitive impairment

     Cognition is a terminology that often come across in our everyday discussions& readings related to thinking and brain functions. What is cognition? How cognitive impairment do occur and what are the ways to prevent cognitive impairment?

     

    Cognition simply refers to any process related to perceiving, thinking, understanding, reasoning and comprehending. According to American psychological association cognition is defined as all forms of knowing and awareness, such as perceiving, conceiving, remembering, reasoning, judging, imagining, and problem solving. Along with affect and conation, it is one of the three traditionally identified components of mind. An individual percept, idea, memory, or the like.

        Cognitive impairment is a condition related to reduced brain functions related to memory, understanding and comprehension. It is a term used for indicating problems with thinking, memory, and judgment, ranging from mild to severe.

     It may eventually affect the quality of life if left untreated. Mild cognitive impairment can often be managed with lifestyle changes and a few simple medications. However, more severe cognitive impairment may impact a person’s ability to perform daily activities. It may present as:

    • Difficulty with thinking and memory &in concentrating, learning new things, or remembering past events.
    • Language and communication also affected. Difficulty in finding the right words or following conversations.

     Therefore, it is crucial to prevent risk factors leading to cognitive impairment. It is not possible to prevent totally, some dementia or severe cognitive impairment causing factors. However, the risk can be considerably reduced by paying some attention to our daily routine and habits.

    Some modifiable risk factors & solutions to prevent cognitive impairment

           Cognitive functioning of brain is dependent on several factors related to our daily lives.

     A few factors leading to cognitive impairment are listed here:

    1] Sleep

     Sleeping for 6-8 hours is crucial for proper functioning and repair of nervous system. Sleep deprivation has detrimental impact on nervous system functioning. How does sleep benefits us in improving the health of nervous system?

    • Sleep plays a crucial role in reducing mental fatigue and helping memory and recall. Studies have proven that lack of sleep affects long-term memory, working memory, attention, higher order executive function, and various decision-making processes. Sleep deprivation can impair memory, recall functions of the brain. Furthermore, it may elevate your stress levels.
    • Sleep is essential for regenerating certain areas of brain

    It is important for brain to continue the regenerative processes within neurons for ensuring proper functioning of brain and nervous system. It happens during sleep hours. Sleep deprivation hampers the regenerative processes.

    • During sleep beta amyloid fibrils are removed by CSF.

      According to research studies during sleep, the cerebrospinal fluid removes the beta-amyloid metabolite in the brain which are harmful to brain functions as they have been implicated in the disease pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Beta amyloid metabolite is notorious for causing Alzheimer’s disease. That means, sleep deprivation may enhance the risk of Alzheimer’s disease increasing beta amyloid fibril deposition.

    • Brain cell damage is repaired during sleep

    It is during sleep that certain enzymes repair brain cell damage caused by free radicals. Sleep deprivation prevents this repairing process. It is a fact that the brain functions normally because of the neurotransmitters, and neurons that are unable to rest or regenerate.

     Studies have shown that sleep [particularly NREM sleep]is important for turning off the norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine neurotransmitters, which is the time available for receptors to “rest” and regain sensitivity to be more effective at naturally produced levels again.

     Each phase of the sleep cycle has critical role in restoring restores and rejuvenating the brain for optimal function. Normally the glymphatic system of brain eliminate toxins building up with in the nervous system and brain during sleep. It cannot eliminate these toxins that can build up, and negatively affects cognitive abilities, behaviour, and judgment if there is lack of sleep.

    • Lack of sleep also affects your linguistic capacity.

    Temporal lobe of brain is linked with language processing. Sleep deprivation affects it very adversely. Lack of sleep may cause slurred speech due to the brain’s incapacity to process the neuronal signal at optimum levels during waking hours.

    2] Physical activity & exercise to strengthen neuroplasticity potential of brain

    Have you heard about the unique potential of human brain neuroplasticity?  Neuroplasticity is the term referring to the brain’s ability to change, reorganize, or grow neuronal networks. This can involve functional changes due to brain damage or structural changes due to learning. Exercise and physical activity may help to boost it.

    Regular moderate aerobic exercise is an effective solution for improving neuronal health and functional abilities. It is assumed that exercise-induced memory improvement is probably mediated through neurotrophic factors, and exerkines.

     Exerkines are defined as signalling molecules released in response to acute and/or chronic exercise, which exert their effects through various pathways.

     Many organs, cells and tissues release these factors, including skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose [fat]tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (baptokines) and neurons (neurokines). Exerkines have potential roles in improving cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and neurological health. Thus, exercising helps your brain power.

       Some brain exercises to improve cognition & memory

    Brain exercises modify neuronal activity in such a way that they may help improvement in memory, cognitive functions or mental abilities.

    Practise the following things to improve cognition:

    • Learning new and complex skills

      Eg: playing instruments, games

    • Solving problems in mathematics
    •  Learning a new language
    •  Recall what you have read
    •  Cooking
    •  Visualization of words, things etc.
    •  Eye- hand coordination activities such as playing tennis, chess etc.
    • Sports games
    • yoga
    •  Meditation
    •  Completing a jigsaw puzzle
    •  Socializing
    •  Increasing vocabulary or word power
    •  Listening to music

    conclusion

    Mild cognitive impairment may affect quality of life overtime or it may progress to more serious forms if not addressed on time with adequate lifestyle changes and some simple medications for a short period of time in cases requiring them.

     In order to prevent this mental catastrophe, make a change or modification in your habits from the very early age.

    Never forget to do physical exercise in your routine; practice brain exercise and ensure that you get adequate sleep.

     It is crucial to understand that erratic sleep may disrupt your memory and other brain functions even if you exercise every day. Therefore, ensure that you sleep for at least 6-8 hours a day.

    Furthermore, yoga & meditation may help to improve health of brain and nervous system.

    Nutrition has pivotal role in maintaining the health of nervous system. Eat healthy follow balanced diet preferably, Mediterranean diet.

    Just include some micro habits to your routine for a big positive change. Enjoy this beautiful world with your senses and maintain your cognitive powers intact!

    References

    1.    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4651462/

    2.     https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16251949/

    3.  image courtesy : https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/sleeping-young-woman-lies-bed-with-eyes-closed_7728966.htm#fromView=search&page=1&position=7&uuid=b12c4cae-4833-432d-91a0-9d6f652d3a6e&query=sleeping+woman

  • Tangerine

    Tangerines are nutrtious fruits rich in vitamin C , low in calories and fats.& a good source of fiber and important minerals. Have a glimpse into the health benefits of tangerines.

    Do you love to have fresh yummy tangerines? The fruit with sweet to tart taste grow on small trees or shrubs with spiny shoots and evergreen leaves. Tangerines have flowers too. Comparing with oranges, the skin of some varieties of tangerines tends to be loose and peels off more easily. Furthermore, the taste is sourer, or tart, than that of an orange.

     It is easy to recognize good quality tangerines. They will be firm to slightly hard, heavy for their size, and pebbly-skinned with no deep grooves & reddish-orange in color.

    The tangerine are usually cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. The tree is more tolerant to drought than the fruit. The tree is easily damaged by cold or winter.

    Nutritional facts about tangerines

     These fruits are rich in vitamin C and low in calories and fats. It also a good source of fiber and minerals such as sodium, potassium , calcium and magnesium also. Therefore, tangerines can be a good addition to your healthy diet plan.

    Tangerines also contain antioxidants flavonoids and phenolics. Antioxidants can protect your body against free radicals and many serious illnesses.

    Health benefits of Tangerines

    • Antioxidants to prevent free radical damage to cells

    Tangerines are rich source of vitamin C antioxidant and several other antioxidants which fights against free radicals induced oxidative stress to your body. It is very notorious that free radicals are the morbidity causing agents . They are generated by human body as byproducts of metabolism and a few free radicals reach human body from exposure to environmental toxins. Tangerine antioxidants are potent enough to manage oxidative stress occuring to body. Oxidative stress induced by free radicals is the major cause of many grave chronic diseases.

    • Anti-inflammatory properties

    Tangerines are rich sources of vitamin C and hence protect the body against infections as well as inflammations.

    • Anti-aging properties

      The antioxidants can delay the signs of ageing preventing oxidative stress to cells on the skin and vital organs caused by the free radicals. Antioxidants, particularly vitamin C helps to boost collagen and reduce fine lines and wrinkleson skin

    • Delays age related degeneration

     The vitamins in this fruit prevents age related degenerative changes to skin and vital organs.

    • Antidiabetic properties

    Tangerines can reduce blood sugar levels if consumed in moderate levels.

    • Boosts immunity

    Tangerines are rich in vitamin C and A and therefore helps to boost immunity.

    • Improves digestion

    Fibers in tangerines help to improve digestion

    • Boosts heart health

    Tangerines contain nobiletin antioxidants that helps to improve cardiac function.

  • Figs

     Figs are edible fruits known to us since antiquity and they are available in nature in greenish purple in colors. Of late figs are consumed by more people understanding its nutritional value and the health benefits they provide to human body.

    When you delve deeper into the origin of figs consumption it may date back to ancient times.It is an integral part of Mediterranean diet since many centuries. Indian systems of medicine also use fig for managing reproductive, hormonal and immunological problems.

    Figs [ Ficus carica L] belong to moraceae family. These lush green purple fruits are mostly cultivated in Asian &Mediterranean regions.  It is an integral part of the diet of people residing near Mediterranean sea.

     There are four types of fig fruits, i.e., Caprifigs, Smyrna, San Pedro, and Common figs. Around 800 different fig varieties cultivated in almost 50 countries all over the world.

      Historical significance

    The figs were one of the principal articles of sustenance among the Greeks.

    It was one of the earliest fruit trees to be cultivated, and its cultivation spread in remote ages over all the districts around the Aegean Sea and throughout the Levant.

     Attic figs became celebrated in the East, and special laws were made to regulate their exportation.; the Spartans especially used it at their public tables

      Figs were consumed since ancient times and has great significance in Roman Empire.

    Figs are mentioned in holy books like the Bible and the Quran.

    Nutritional value of figs – A treasure trove of antioxidants

      Figs are well known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Figs contain flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and tocopherols antioxidants.

    Polyphenols and carotenoids are the two major categories of phytochemicals found in figs. The major classes of polyphenols in figs include phenolic acids, flavones, flavonones, flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins[3].

    Figs are comparatively low in fat. Fig consumption provides moderate number of calories mostly from carbohydrates. However, it can cause blood sugar spike immediately after eating. That is figs are high glycaemic index foods.

    The minerals potassium and magnesium present in figs are crucial for the health of bones and cardiovascular system.

    Figs are good source of vitamins too. They provide thiamine, vitamin B6 and vitamin K and these vitamins are crucial for the health of nervous system and bones. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting.

    Figs contain calcium, potassium, phosphorus and iron in considerable amounts.

    Figs are rich in fiber and nutrients, and low in calories and hence good for gut health and reducing blood cholesterol.

    A small to medium sized fig provides around 1- 1.45 grams of fiber.

    Epicatechin is the most abundant phenolic compound in dried fig fruits, with a level of 25.4 mg/100 g DW in cultivar “Bela Petrovka” of Ficus carica. Its content is up to three times that of fresh figs. It is a good antioxidant.

    Fig fruits are a rich source of flavonoids antioxidants.

    The major flavonoids found in figs are quercetin and luteolin, which have a total of 631 and 681 mg/kg, respectively. The fruit skin has more flavonoids than the pulp.

    Health benefits of figs

    Figs offer numerous health benefits due to the presence of antioxidants, vitamins and minerals in them.

    • Figs can improve digestive health

    Figs are rich in fibers and helps digestion. It helps to prevent constipation.

    • Figs are good source of antioxidants.

    Phenolic compounds in figs help to reduce oxidative stress to body cells induced by free radicals.

     Anti-oxidants may help to prevent cancer and neurodegenerative disorders of brain including Alzheimer’s diseases, Parkinson’s disease etc. Phenolic compounds in figs can play a significant role in protecting biological cells from hydrogen peroxide free radical damage [5].

    • Figs help bone and heart health

    Figs contain potassium and magnesium in good amounts; they help to sustain heart & bone health.

    • Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties

    Figs are rich in flavonoids and tannins which help to protect from microbial activity and infections.

    Cautionary warnings for fig consumption

    Generally, figs are highly nutritious fruits beneficial to improve health if consumed in moderation.

    However, it is a fruit rich in vitamin K. Vitamin k is a factor helping in blood clotting. However, there is a cautionary warning for those who are on blood thinner medications for cardiovascular events prevention.

     Anticoagulant medications are blood thinners for preventing clots. Those who are on anticoagulant medications must check their vitamin k levels if they are taking figs regularly.

     Fig allergies are common in some people; particularly those who are allergic to birch pollen may have fig allergy. If so, consume fig only after talking to your healthcare provider.

    Excessive eating of figs may cause burning sensation on tongue.

     Figs in your diet plan

    Fresh fig fruits are edible after washing and peeling its outer skin. Dried figs also are commonly eaten after soaking and softening it in water. It can be added into your diet plan in numerous ways.

    • Figs are used as chief ingredient of dessert and smoothies.
    • Figs in salads
    • Fig toast
    • Fig snack bars
    • Fig rolls

    Fig consumption in moderate amounts may boost your digestive, cardiovascular and bone healths. Enjoy the delicious fruit in many ways at frequent intervals in a month.

    References :

    1.  Sarkhosh A., Andersen P.C. The Fig. UF/IFAS Extension. 1994. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu [Ref list]

    2.  Arvaniti O.S., Samaras Y., Gatidou G., Thomaidis N.S., Stasinakis A.S. Review on Fresh and Dried Figs: Chemical Analysis and Occurrence of Phytochemical Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity and Health Effects. Food Res. Int. 2019;119:244–267. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.055. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30884655/

    3. Vinson J.A. The Functional Food Properties of Figs. Cereal Foods World. 1999;44:82–87. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]

    4. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173021/nutrients

    5. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/6597092

  • Endocrine disruptors – Chemicals from our daily use products disrupt hormonal balance?

    Have you heard about endocrine disruptors and serious health problems consequent to exposure to these compounds? Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds accumulating in human body from environment, food products, personal care products etc.

    Everybody is aware of the devastating impact of plastics on our ecosystems. The chemicals in plastics and various other consumer products are endangering the health of human beings as well as other organisms in the biosphere. Endocrine disruptors are some of these chemical compounds specifically acting o glands and eventually cause life threatening morbidities and disabilities.

    These chemical compounds are grouped under Endocrine disruptors as the name indicates they disrupt the hormonal rhythm of human body. What are these compounds and how do they reach human body?

    Before delving deep into the nature of these chemical compounds let us have a glimpse into the hormonal [ endocrine] system of human body.

    Endocrine system

     The endocrine system plays a pivotal role in coordinating proper functioning of the human body. Hormones play crucial roles in  co-ordinating several biological processes such as growth, metabolism, fertility, and reproduction in humans.

      Hormones are signaling molecules secreted by glands in human body, but cause significant developmental and biological effects in human body with the slightest variation in their levels.

    The major hormones produced by the human body includes thyroid hormones, insulin, pituitary hormones, sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, testosterone etc.

    Apart from these, adrenalin, noradrenalin, cortisol are hormones produced by adrenal glands which play crucial role in the body in managing the stress response.

    What are endocrine disruptors?

     Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds accumulating in human body from environment, food products, personal care products etc.

    These substances are detrimental to the body as they interfere with the normal functioning of the hormonal system. EDCs can be natural as well as man-made origin and they reach the organ systems through diet, air, skin, and water.

    The importance for awareness about endocrine disruptors

    Recent research studies focus more on endocrine disrupters as these substances show close connection with several serious health problems in males as well as females. It has been pointed out by several previous studies that EDCs cause infertility, nervous system & respiratory system diseases, cardiovascular diseases etc.  Furthermore, EDCs are linked with obesity, diabetes, learning disabilities and several other grave ailments.

     How do endocrine disruptors cause diseases?

      There are various types of endocrine disruptors .Some EDCs can function as “hormone mimics” and the body misinterpret them as hormones and cause disruption in hormonal rhythm of your body. While  a few  other groups of EDCs block natural hormonal functions in the body. All Hormones have specific functions to do in human body and any slightest error can upset the body functions at various levels.

    Some types of EDCs can affect the level of hormones in your blood as they can affect the production, breaking down, or storage of hormones. Moreover, a few EDCs can change the sensitivity of the body to different hormones.

    Common types of endocrine disrupting chemicals [ EDCs]

      The endocrine disrupters have detrimental impact on human body in myriad ways and  quite often it is grave too. According to the Endocrine Society, around 85,000 human-made chemicals in the world, and 1,000 or more of these substances can work as endocrine disruptors. These include

    • Industrial chemicals and pesticides

     Some well-known examples of this category includes DDT, Chlorpyrifos, Atrazine, 2, 4-D, Glyphosate.

     These pesticides reaching the food chain can cause unpredictably grave adverse impacts to the organ systems of human body.

    Perchlorate is a colorless salt manufactured and used as an industrial chemical to make rockets, explosives, and fireworks. This compound can also be found in some groundwater sources and can cause health hazards.

    • Household chemicals

             Lead, Phthalates, Cadmium are a few toxic chemicals reaching from household items of children. Bisphenol A (BPA), Phthalates, Phenol are found in plastics and food storage materials.

    Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to make polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. It is used in manufacturing, food packaging, toys, and other applications. BPA resins may be found in the lining of some canned foods and beverages.

    Phthalates are a large group of compounds used as liquid plasticizers. They are found in some food packaging, cosmetics, fragrances, children’s toys, and medical device tubing.

    Some cosmetics of your daily use are sources of phthalates.These include nail polish, hair spray, aftershave lotion, cleanser, and shampoo.

    • Fabrics treated with flame retardants
    •  Cosmetics

    Cosmeticssuch as lotions, products with fragrance, and anti-bacterial soaps etc. Triclosan is an ingredient that was previously added to some antimicrobial and personal care products, like liquid body wash and soaps.

    • Processed foods
    • Soy-based products

    The phyto estrogens in soy products can mimic oestrogen hormone in women of reproductive age group and act as an endocrine disruptor.

    • Industrial solvents and lubricants contain Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Dioxins. Also Brominated Flame Retardants.

     PCBs found in building materials are endocrine disruptors.

    (PCBs) were used to make electrical equipment, such as transformers, and are in hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, lubricants, and plasticizers. PCBs were mass-produced globally until they were banned in 1979.

    Endocrine disruptors [EDCs] and their adverse health effects

    Studies that pertain to the impact of EDCs on human health requires cutting edge research in future as corroborative evidences. However, currently it has been found that EDCs can cause:

    • Neurological and behavioral changes
    • Difficulty with stress response.
    • Impact on metabolism
    • obesity and type 2 diabetes
    •  interfere with thyroid function
    • infertility

    Some classes of EDCs (DDT, BPA, phthalates, PCBs, others) can affect reproductive health by mimicking or blocking the effects of male and female sex hormones

    •  affect growth and development
    • High exposures to EDCs during gestation can lead to low-birth weight in infants and developmental problems.
    • Disrupted sexual development
    • Low immunity
    • Cancer

    Exposure to estrogen or androgen mimicking EDCs can promote breast and prostate cancer growth and/or interfere with hormonal cancer therapy

    • Impact of EDCs on fetuses and children

    High exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals during gestation or pregnancy can have adverse impact on foetus causing developmental delays and numerous other problems in children as they grow over the years.

    Do endocrine disruptor compounds enhance the risk for breast cancer?

    It has been suggested that EDC exposures may potentially increase the risk of breast cancer. It is a fact that most of EDCs are highly persistent in the environment and bio-accumulative. However, it has to be researched meticulously to assess  the long-term impacts of EDC exposures.

     It is recommended that well-designed exposure assessments of potential EDCs in food and food packing are necessary and their potential link to breast cancer development need to be carefully evaluated.

    Phthalates -an important endocrine disrupting chemical  banned by European countries

      Phthalates are chemicals that are used in a variety of cosmetic and personal care products such as hair care products (hair sprays, mousses, and gels), deodorants (including antiperspirants), nail polishes, lotions , skin cleansers, and baby products (oils, lotions, shampoos and diaper creams). The United States and the European Union are currently regulating several phthalates including DEHP and DnBP in children’s products, and it is known that similar action is underway in Canada also.

      According to studies diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected mostly in these products.

    The European Union has banned DnBP and DEHP as both are classified in the European Union as category 2 substances to reproduction, which can impair fertility, or if they cause developmental toxicity in humans.

    conclusion 

    It is impossible to avoid or prevent EDCs encroachment into your life and environment as they are part of most of the daily use products; however their impact can be considerably mitigated by deliberate avoidance of those substances which can act as an endocrine disruptor.

    written by dr sanjana p

    References  for further reading:

    1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33819127/
    2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935111000284
    3. Endocrine Society.”Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) | Endocrine Society.” Endocrine.org, Endocrine Society, 2 February 2024, https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/edcs
    4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719706/
    5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903210/
    6. image courtesy-freepik

  • Cinnamon Health benefits

    Are you fond of cinnamon flavour? If so there is a good news about health benefits of cinnamon . Cinnamon may boost your health due to its anti cancer & anti microbial properties

    Cinnamon is an ancient spice ingredient which ruled Indian kitchens and cuisines since time immemorial. Apart from adding flavour to the delicious dishes it is endowed with various health benefits. It is really fantastic to know that beyond its culinary usage as flavouring ingredient to add taste and aroma to Indian foods cinnamon enhances our health at multiple levels.

    The queen of Indian & south Asian cuisines – cinnamon verum

    Cinnamon is known as Cinnamomum verum in the world of botanical science and medicine. It is an evergreen tree that belongs to family Lauraceae .

    Cinnamon used as a spice in Indian kitchens, is derived from its bark. The tree is native to South Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar (Burma). It is also cultivated in South America and the West Indies. Cinnamon has been known since ancient times. Cinnamomum verum, is native to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Herodotus, Aristotle and other authors named Arabia as the source of cinnamon.

    The dried inner bark is brown in colour and has a delicately fragrant aroma and a warm sweet flavour. Essential oil of cinnamon is distilled from the bark fragments. Cinnamon oil is used for use in various foods, perfume, and in drugs.

    The main varieties of cinnamon available in Asia include Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), which is chiefly grown in Sri Lanka. It is known as “true” cinnamon. Cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum),is  grown  all over southeastern Asia.

    Cinnamon in the pages of history

    Cinnamon is a  prominent spice used in many rituals & ceremonies  since ancient times. When you turn the pages of ancient world history you may come across several curious facts pertaining to usage of cinnamon. Egyptians used it for embalming and religious practices.

     In medieval Europe many religious rites and rituals were performed using cinnamon as a flavouring agent. During that era cinnamon was a very expensive ingredient in Europe and other parts of the world.

     Cinnamon has an incredible story of inspiring western voyagers like Christopher Columbus and Vasco Da Gama to embark on an expedition to South Asia in quest of this precious spice in 15th century.  It is a fascinating narrative by various travellers of the period that this quest lead to the discovery of new countries and continents.

     Overtime cinnamon conquered the western markets as the most sought after and profitable spice in the Dutch East India Company’s global trade.

    Harvesting & processing of cinnamon

    Cinnamon is an evergreen tree with oval-shaped leaves, thick bark and a berry fruit. While harvesting the spice, the bark and leaves are the main parts of the plant used. The harvesting includes cutting the shoots of the plant close to the ground. In processing, the shoots are first scraped with a semicircular blade and then rubbed with a brass rod to loosen the bark, which is split with a knife and peeled. The peels are telescoped one into another, forming a quill about 107 cm (42 inches) long and filled with trimmings of the same quality bark to maintain a cylindrical shape.

    After this process follows four or five days of drying and the quills are rolled on a board to tighten the filling . Again they are placed in subdued sunlight for further drying for a few days. Finally, they are bleached with sulfur dioxide and sorted into grades.

    Cinnamon is used as an aromatic condiment and flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines. The aroma and flavour of cinnamon is due to the presence of essential oil and principal component, cinnamaldehyde.

    Ground cinnamon is 11% water, 81% carbohydrates (including 53% dietary fiber), 4% protein and 1% fat.Since ancient times cinnamon has been in use as part of traditional medicine  primarily in Asian countries.

    Of late many research studies have explored the beneficial effects of cinnamon in Parkinsons, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Cinnamon seems to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antilipemic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties.

    Health benefits of cinnamon

    • Potential to reduce blood glucose levels

    A few small studies suggests that cinnamon helps to lower blood glucose levels. Cinnamon seems to possess an insulin sensitizing action which may help to reduce blood sugar. However, more extensive studies are needed to corroborate these preliminary research findings.

    •      Improves brain health

    The phytochemicals of cinnamon facilitate brain’s ability to utilize glucose.

    Cinnamon helps to limit the Alzheimer induced changes in the brain and modulates the brain insulin signaling also.

    •      Antimicrobial activity

    Cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon possess anti-microbial activity. It can inhibit the growth of Listeria , Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, fungus like Aspergillus flavus, Mucor plumbeus and yeast species such as Candida lipolytica.

    •      Antioxidant property.

    The antioxidant property is owing to the eugenol component in cinnamon.

    •      Reduces blood pressure

    Cinnamon can reduce high blood pressure.

    •      Anti-cancer effects

    One of the main causations of gastric carcinoma is the gram-negative bacilli Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

    Cinnamon extract can decrease the colonization of this  bacteria  in the gut to some extent. However further extensive research is needed in this regard.

    The potential of cinnamon extract to induce apoptosis in tumor cells and also  inhibiting the activity of NFκB accentuate the anti-cancer properties.

    •      Protects from heart diseases

    The  cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid protect the heart due to their ability to produce nitric oxide . Also these have anti-inflammatory effect which helps in reducing atherosclerosis or clot and plaque formation within bloodvessels.

     It also helps to prevent high cholesterol.

    Safety & caution

    Cinnamon supplements consumption is safe. Also when cinnamon consumed in small amount generally used in foods as a spice or flavouring agent.

    Excessive consumption or intake for prolonged period of time is associated with side effects such as gastrointestinal problems or allergic reactions.

    Cassia cinnamon contains a chemical called coumarin, which can be harmful to the liver. Huge and prolonged use of cassia cinnamon may cause liver problems.

    written by dr sanjana p

    References

    1.     https://www.britannica.com/plant/cinnamon

    2.     Howard ME, White ND. Potential benefits of cinnamon in type 2 diabetes. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2012;7:23–6. [Google Scholar] [Ref list]

    3.     https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24001892/

    4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4466762/

  • Ikat – fabric

    Ikat is a fabric pattern of South Asia since many centuries. It is a sought after fabric art which has achieved great popularity worldwide since ancient times.

      

    History of ikat

    The word “Ikat” means bind in Malayo -polynesian languages.

    Ikat weaving traditions can be divided into two groups

    The first one is weaving among Daic speaking people of Vietnam hanoic. The second group of ikat fabric art tradition belongs to Austonesian people of Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia. According to some sources Ikat takes origin from the land of Indonesia from there its glory spread to faraway lands.  It is believed that another group of Ikat weaving community were residing independently in India, Japan and Central Asia, America in the same period of time.

    How does ikat fabric art processing happen?

    Ikat is a complicated technique involving labour and patience. In ikat weaving the resist is formed by binding yarns together with a tight wrap in the chosen pattern. Then these yarns are dyed. The bindings may then be altered to create a new pattern and the yarns dyed again with a different colour.

    This process is repeated several times to create beautiful and elaborate patterns. As soon as dyeing process is finished the bindings are removed and yarns are woven into cloths.

    There is another form of resist dyeing technique [ tie-dye and batik] where the resist is applied to the woven cloth.

    In ikat the resist application happens before the yarns are woven into cloths. That makes the difference.

     It is curious to note that in ikat both fabric faces are patterned.

     There are different types of ikat dyeing:

    In warp ikat or weft ikat either these yarns are dyed .

    In double ikat both warp and weft yarns are dyed.

     Ikat textiles may have a blurriness to the design and it might be due to the laborious work associated with weaving and dyeing. However, the pattern comes out perfectly in the finished cloth. Efficient craftsmen can mitigate the blurriness considerably using finer yarns.

    However, the blurriness that is so characteristic of ikat is often prized by textile collectors. Ikat is listed among expensive ethnic fabric craft as the making is so laborious and time consuming.

    Warp type of ikat seems to be originated in Neolithic weaving traditions and it is an ancient craft rooted in Asia. In India, Ikat dying technology has been present for thousands of years.

    Ikat- trending fabric of urban populations

    Ikat processed garments such as saree and kurtis are in demand in India and abroad along with bedsheets, door screens, and towels made in ikat art. The price of ikat made garments increases depending on the material [ silk, mul cotton etc] used for crafting this art.

  • Wellness Wheel Assessment [WAA]

    Wellness wheel assessment is a visual tool to assess, strategize and evaluate the level of wellness of individuals. It has great significance in our day today life as we are living in an environment with multiple factors detrimental to state of well-being.

    Wellness is defined by various institutions across the globe in multiple ways as it encompasses different dimensions. However, it is a term often heard in relation to health.

    The   World health organization [WHO]has defined wellness as the optimal state of health of individuals and groups which is a positive state of being that goes beyond simply not having a disease or infirmity.The dimensions of wellness is not limited to health alone. Health related wellness is one of its strong pillars on which other aspects are standing on, but being interconnected with each other.

    Let us have a glimpse on the various dimensions of wellness. Wellness  encompasses emotional, physical, financial, social, occupational, environmental, intellectual and spiritual dimensions.

    Why is it crucial to assess your wellness level?

    Wellness can be redefined as an active & continuous life long process of making decisions by individuals to live a healthy& fulfilling life.

    Wellness wheel assessment is a visual tool to assess, strategize and evaluate the level of wellness of individuals. It has great significance in our day today life as we are living in an environment with multiple factors detrimental to state of well-being. Stress is mounting in everywhere and some people commit suicide to run away from the unbearable pressure life inflicts on them ,while others fall prey to serious illnesses and morbidities overtime. Here significance of wellness assessment is crucial and there is a dire need to implement strategies and action plans to improve wellness in all realms. It has to be executed as micro-habits & lifestyle modifications which will compound over the course of time giving you a fulfilling, stress free and contented life.

    Wellness is a state in which an individual achieves his or her full potential in life. It enhances the sense of well-being.

    Wellness is a process and well-being is its result achieved by traversing the journey of wellness. It is rooted in making wise  healthy decisions about habits and lifestyles.

    Wellness wheel assessment [WWA]

    This visual tool is an image wheel with 8 dimensions of wellness which may stimulate your mind in assessing your current level of wellness, strategizing making action plans and evaluating them periodically. WWA includes 8 sections portraying different categories of wellness to be achieved by an individual such as:

    • Emotional
    • Physical
    • Financial
    • Social
    •  Occupational
    •  Environmental
    •  Intellectual
    •  Spiritual

    Role of wellness experts in wellness assessment

    The wellness wheel assessment and strategizing &evaluation can be practiced after consulting a wellness expert who may recommend effective strategies to be implemented in every sector of your wellness journey. Once you make a progress you can practice it yourself lifelong for achieving your full potential and a fulfilling life.

    A wellness expert may guide you in assessing your current lifestyle, level of your emotional wellness – your ability to cope with people and incidents in your life, your physical wellness which is the strongest foundation of wellness as health of body determines your mental state [ vice versa too] and your other realms of wellness such as intellect, occupation, finance, spiritual & social wellness etc.

    A health care provider with expertise in wellness strategies can provide you with action plans to foster a lifestyle ensuring healthy body and mind in the scientific way.

    Wellness assessment is carried out in a holistic and individualized way taking into account the age, sex, intellectual level, education, realm of work, occupation, ambitions& goals, state of health, lifestyle preferences and many more factors.  

    The wellness strategies to improve your social connections, occupational satisfaction, environmental well-being and spiritual wellness may help you reach new echelons of happiness and well-being eventually. Always remember that this is a continuous lifelong journey you can pursue yourself once you gain awareness about the strategies of wellness.

  • Star anise antioxidants to prevent lifestyle diseases & obesity

    Star anise one of the flavouring agents of Indian cuisines,has the potential to prevent life style diseases and obesity being the rich source of bioactive compounds.

    Star anise -an overview

    Star anise is familiar to Indian kitchens as one of the key spice ingredients adding flavors to Indian cuisines. It is a fragrant licorice smelling spice used chiefly in cooking Biriyanis and delicious seafood reciipes since antiquity. Star anise is popularly known as “chakra phool” due to its wheel like shape.

    Star anise [illicium verum] is a medium sized evergreen tree native to South east Asian countries, particularly China. The Chinese star anise is well known for its quality and comparatively low propensity to trigger allergy. It is a safe variety of star anise to consume.

    The leaves of the tree are fragrant and the tree yields pink to red flowers also. This spice seed is taken from the fruits of the tree. The fruit is a capsule-like follicetum, star-shaped, reddish-brown, and contains six to eight follicles arranged in a whorl.

    Star anise as a food ingredient provides numerous health benefits. The spice is a treasure-trove of numerous biologically active compounds which protect against various lifestyle diseases afflicting the mankind.

    According to recent medical research studies, this flavoring ingredient offers great health benefits due to the presence of antioxidant compounds within it. Let us have a glimpse at the health benefits star anise provides.

    Health benefits of star anise

    • Antioxidant property

    Star anise contains several types of polyphenols and flavanoids. Phenolic compounds in star anise include p-coumeric acid, gallic aid, cinamic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. Catechin and rutin are the major flavonoids. Antioxidants protect against oxidative stress related diseases to body organs such as lifestyle diseases, cancer etc.

    • Antimicrobial &anti-inflammatory properties

     Apart from the antioxidant property to remove oxidative stress to cells of human body, star anise has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties owing to the presence of these compounds in it :

    Linalool

    Quercetin

    Anethole

    Shikimic acid

    Gallic acid

    Limonene.

    Shikimic acid imparts it the antiviral property to fight against viral infections.

     The flavonoid anethole provides it antifungal properties.

    Star anise has the potential to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)). It also helps to reduce oxidative stress.

    In a nutshell, star anise protects your body against microorganisms causing inflammations and infectious diseases.

    • Obesity & cholesterol reducing potential

    A study [2] showed that star anise tea consumption significantly reduced the overweight  and BMI. Furthermore, it significantly lowered the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL were observed in the study. It is a hopeful news that star anise helps to decrease bad cholesterol and fat accumulation within the body and prevent heart attacks and strokes chiefly along with other complications of obesity.

    Culinary use of star anise:

    It is used in Indian subcontinent chiefly as a flavoring agent added mostly to various types of Biriyanis and Masala chais. It has an equal significance in Chinese cuisines also as one of the quintessential flavoring ingredients commonly known as”the five spice powder”.

    Caution regarding consumption of star anise :-

    Consume only a very small amount of this spice. Chinese variety is generally safe. Excess intake may cause allergy,

     Copyrighted Dr sanjana p (Dr sanjana vb)

    References

    1. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol15no2/antioxidant-and-anti-inflammatory-activity-of-star-anise-illicium-verum-in-murine-model/  Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Star Anise (Illicium Verum) in Murine Model,Ibrahim S Majal.Department of medical laboratory sciences, Mu’tah University, Karak Jordan
    2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9686881/

  • Sacred trees of India

    Indian subcontinent has several renowned trees for worshipping which are considered sacred. The list of sacred trees of India chiefly includes Banyan tree and Peepal.

      Trees are symbolically connected with tradition and culture in various geographical regions of the world since time immemorial. The concept of linking trees with holiness or divinity and categorizing them as sacred trees is intricately connected to Indian as well as South East Asian cultures.

    Indian subcontinent and countries like Japan, Korea also have this deep-rooted linkage with trees. The trees have merged intimately with myths and legends of the region and rituals are performed to worship trees in some of these hamlets for many centuries.

    The tradition & practice of worshipping trees connecting with the religious landscape has been noted since ancient times. Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism has religious linkage with trees.

     Indian subcontinent has several renowned trees for worshipping which are considered sacred. The list of trees chiefly includes Banyan tree and Peepal. Other sacred trees include Neem, Ashoka,Kadamba, Parijata,Sandal wood , fig tree etc.

    Trees are symbolic representation of knowledge according to various cultures of India. Banyan tree is connected with permanent wisdom of hermit life and enlightenment.

     Various religious texts and scriptures of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism has mentions about sacred trees and environment. The Hindu text Matsyapurana has Sanskrit hymns which illustrates the reverence paid to ecology in the ancient era.The excerpt from Matsyapurana goes like this:

    “A pond equals ten wells, a reservoir equals ten ponds, while a son equals ten reservoirs and a tree equals ten sons”.

    According to Vedic literature many trees including Banyan tree, figs, khejri, teak,silk cotton were integral part various vedic rituals.

    In Sikhism Jujube tree is considered as a sacred tree capable of removing all woes and sufferings, particularly the jujube tree situated near Harmandir sahib complex, Amritsar.

    Banyan tree [Ficus benghalensis]

    Banyan tree is worshipped as a symbol of longevity, connectedness, life’s stability and strength. This tree is a connecting link between generations due to its long years of survival or lifespan. The tree has witnessed many centuries, attaining giant aerial roots over the years and remains symbolic of growth, connectedness, stability and longevity.

    Banyan tree is  regarded as the symbol of Trimurti- Lord Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva according to Hinduism and it is worshipped very fervently in the subcontinent. The tree is considered as immortal as per the vedic traditions.

     Banyan tree has gained significance beyond the spiritual realm and it is often regarded as a symbol of fertility, longevity and stability gathering the sobriquet tree of life. It is the national tree of India.

     Indian subcontinent has numerous centuries old Banyan trees and Sagar in Madhya Pradesh has a Banyan tree which is believed to be 5000years old.

    Ficus benghalensis or Banyan tree is an evergreen tree with wide spreading crown of green foliage and grows to a height of 20-30 meters. It is an epiphyte growing on the stem or branch of another tree and as it grows over the years numerous aerial roots are generated and these root hanging down to the earth touching the soil. Eventually these roots thicken and imparts strength and stability.

    Peepal tree [ Ficus religiosa]

    Peepal is known as Bodhi tree because it is under a Peepal tree The great Buddha achieved enlightenment. The tree has religious significance not only in Buddhism but also in Hinduism and Jainism.  The sacred fig is the tree of meditation and has given utmost significance in Indian state Odisha, Bihar and Haryana as the state tree.

    Ficus religiosa is a seasonal deciduous semi evergreen tree growing into the height of above 30m and trunk diameter up to 3 meters. Ficus is native to India and its neighboring countries like Nepal , Bhutan and Bangladesh etc. It grows in a wide variety of soils having good drainage for water. Ficus grows well in temperature range0-35 degree Celsius. It gross well in a wide variety of climates including tropical rain forest climate and tropical monsoon climate.

    The stories Sacred trees of India are innumerable and are infused intricately with the religion, tradition and culture of this land and it imparts fervent hues to the cultural heritage as well as lives of people of the subcontinent since antiquity.

    written by dr Sanjana p

    Image courtesy:https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/exotic-tree-with-roots-ground-middle-beautiful-forest_9283112.htm#fromView=search&page=1&position=8&uuid=e256ad2a-0da1-4265-9936-bd12aef12e13&query=+ficus++trees+with+aerial+roots

  • Homeopathy & Integrative medicine solutions for ADHD -Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

    ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder found in children as well as adults which interfere with work and social life.

    Overview

    The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may be present since childhood; however, in some people it get manifested explicitly in adulthood or get unnoticed during childhood.

     ADHD is manifested in children in different patterns including inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity.

    ADHD begins in childhood and progress to adulthood affecting school performance, interaction with society and relationships depending on the grade of the disorder. ADHD may be seen as inattention or inability to focus on a topic or as hyperactivity [ overactivity which is inappropriate to the setting or context], impulsivity [hasty actions without any forethought].

    ADHD may occur in various forms with all these problems in combined form or singly.

    Three different types of ADHD include:

    • Predominantly inattentive form
    • Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive form
    • Combined form

    ADHD in children and adult present in different ways. ADHD may lead to relationship issues, work place problems and oversensitivity to criticism particularly in adults.

    ADHD is often diagnosed in childhood itself; however some forms of ADHD may escape the diagnosis and manifest as problems in adulthood.

    The diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation of the disorder [ the presence of persistent symptoms that have occurred over a period of time and are noticeable over the past six months]. A healthcare provider can diagnose ADHD without much difficulty. The treatment for ADHD is dependent on the manifestation &the grade of the disorder. Modern medical as well as complementary and integrative medicine treatments are available for managing ADHD.

    What are the causes of ADHD?

    Although the exact cause of ADHD is not clear, it has been found that genetics play a prominent role.ADHD runs in families.

    What are the signs & symptoms of ADHD?

    ADHD may be presented in three different ways:

    1. Predominantly inattentive type
    2. Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type
    3. Combined
    • Predominantly inattentive type

    Attention deficient hyperactive children of this category fail to pay attention to details, to focus on the matters discussed; and often gets complaints of poor attention span while being taught in schools.

    Children with ADHD often makes mistakes in tasks due to poor attention to detail. They forget or fail to do tasks assigned due to their inability to pay attention for long and the restlessness.

    They fail to do homework, chores and can not focus on conversations for a long time. Easily get distracted.

    Sustained focus and mental effort are difficult.

    • Hyperactive /impulsive type

    People having this type of ADHD constantly fidget. They are not able to sit at one place and are bounding with energy. Quite often stamped as talkative. Children often run about in class or in places where it is not appropriate.

    Interfere while discussing a matter, will not allow to complete it. Cuts the conversation or answer a question before the question is completed.

    Difficult to wait patiently for his or her turn.

    While doing any activity or game there will be great disquiet and do things hastily and impulsively without any forethought.

    • Combined type of ADHD

    In this type of ADHD both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms can be found. It is more complex and may impact the social interaction as well as relationships if not appropriately managed right from childhood.

    ADHD symptoms in adults

    Forgetfulness. Poor attention span and inability to focus on tasks for long.Restlessness.

    Easily get distracted. Difficulty in doing some tasks in an organized way.

    Difficulty in completing tasks that need prolonged attention.

    How ADHD is diagnosed?

    Primary level health providers as well as mental health professionals can recognize ADHD and can refer for medical evaluation. Mostly ADHD is diagnosed by clinical evaluation, asking questions to the person, family, care givers etc. Family history   and upbringing environment are also taken into account to evaluate the condition. Some other psychiatric diseases or mental conditions may mimic ADHD. A well-trained mental health provider can differentiate these from ADHD.

    Treatment for ADHD

    ADHD is managed with various strategies depending on the age and grade of the condition. In preschool children medications are not recommended by modern medicine mostly. Parent child interaction therapy is recommended.

    However, in some other higher grade cases medications are advised.

    Depending on the progress or advancement of disease medications or therapy is given.

    In children who do not improve with medications special school education and learning techniques are recommended.

    Homeopathy &Integrative medicine approach

    • Lifestyle modification
    • Diet & nutrition
    • Cognitive behavioral therapy
    • Homeopathic medications

    We provide homeopathic medications after detailed case taking & evaluation of family history, drug history, parental behaviour& approach, environment etc.

    Homeopathy offers various constitutional remedies which are efficacious and safe to use in children as well as adults.

    A few of the homeopathic drugs used for managing ADHD include tuberculinum,tarentula, Lachesis etc. Homeopathic medications are helpful to a large extent in managing emotional and behavioural problems in ADHD people.  Homeopathy may be of help in integration with conventional medicine to relieve the distresses caused by pharmaceuticals and also in establishing emotional control and focus to a certain degree.

    Homeopathic medications are selected with holistic approach integrating physical, mental and emotional characteristics of the individual having ADHD. Homeopathic drugs prescribed by a qualified homeopathic physician may be gentle and safe; also, non addictive.

    Homeopathy can complement conventional medicine treatment well. Although many promising study results are there, extensive and rigorous research is needed in this realm beyond a few case studies.

    What is the advantage of using homeopathic medicine?

    Safe and gentle

    Emotional control and stability

    Improved focus and attention

    Non-addictive remedies

    Mental wellness & lifestyle protocols incorporated by us [ Mediprecision ]also in the treatment strategy tailoring to the individual needs help for improving the quality of life.

    written by dr sanjana p

    image courtesy:

    https://www.freepik.com/search?format=search&last_filter=query&last_value=attention+deficit+hyperactivity&query=attention+deficit+hyperactivity