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  • Fossils to decipher the geological &evolutionary history of the earth

      Fossils are the windows to the evolutionary history of Earth and its organisms. They provide valuable information about the geological and evolutionary history of Earth.

     Fossils are the are the remains of ancient organisms or the traces of activity of such organisms. They are preserved remains or traces of ancient life.

    Paleontogy is the branch of science dealing with study of fossils.  More precisely paleontologists explore the evolutionary pathways, past geological environment, climate, tectonic movements etc. through the study of fossils received from various geographical regions of the world.

     Fossil studies have vital role in portraying the history and geology of various countries and continents. There are different types of fossils and they help reconstruct “the tree of life”. The remains of ancient life or fossils include bones, shells, footprints, burrows and impressions which help to decipher the evolutionary, geological, cultural history of the earth.

    Geological History is unravelled through the study of fossils as they date rock layers or strata and correlate geological time across different regions.

     Fossilized dung and footprints also throw light into the ancient history of different regions and the animals lived there. It throws light also into archaeological studies unravelling the civilizational history spanning over continents and time.

    Fossils are indicators of the climate prevailed in the historic times. They also provide vital information about plate tectonics and evolutionary history of continents, mountains, ocean basins etc.

    Types of Fossils

    There are different types of fossils and each type of fossils have particular significance in paleontological, geological &archaeological studies. The chief fossil types include:

    • Body Fossils:  These include preserved parts such as bones, shells, wood or imprints of organisms.
    • Trace Fossils:  these types of fossils are evidence of activity particularly of animals such as tracks, burrows, nests, coprolites. Trace fossils provide evidences for the organism’s presence in a particular chronological period of history. The trace fossils include footprints, burrows, dungs etc.
    • Molecular Fossils:  These are preserved organic molecules, providing hints about ancient biochemistry.

    Fossilization- How do fossils form?

    Fossilization is a complex process of fossil formation happening spontaneously overtime. It requires rapid burial in sediment (like mud or ash) to prevent decaying. Fossilization of hard parts (bones, shells) is the most common type.

    Fossils undergo a variety of different fossilization processes, depending on the characteristics of the particular organism. There are various levels of fossil preservation, each containing its own clues pertaining to the organism.

    Fossilization processes include:

    • Permineralization: Minerals fill pores, turning organic matter to rock.
    • Compression: Organic matter is squeezed into a

    carbon film.

    • Impressions: the two-dimensional imprint most commonly found in silt or clay, without organic material present.
    • Compactions: preservation of organic material with slight volume reduction.
    • Molecular fossils: deals with chemical data, preserving organic material, but providing no information concerning the structure of the organism.
    • Freezing: ideal fossils that are rare, everything up to internal organs are preserved in cold storage.
    • Amber: biological specimen that is encased in the hardened resin of a tree, in which the entire body may be preserved.
    • Drying & Desiccation: fossils that have been thoroughly dried.
    • Wax & Asphalt: almost as good as freezing, but with the usage of natural paraffin.
    • Coprolites & Gastroliths: these categories deal with the indigestable remnants of meals.
    • Trace fossils: typically formed when an organism moves over the surface of soft sediment and leaves an impression of its movement behind.
    • Molds & Casts: An impression is left, then filled.

    Conditions that facilitate fossilization

    Fossilization is a complex process and certain conditions are crucial for fossilization. The most common types of fossils are those which are having hard parts such as bones& Shell and had a rapid burial after death of the organism.

    Besides being tough and hard, the organism must come to rest in a place where it can be buried before it decays or disintegrates. If the organism is not buried deeply and quickly, aerobic bacteria will reduce it to rubble. Water, given enough time, can also dissolve it. For this reason, fossils of some organisms are rarer than others.

     The skeletons that containing a high percentage of mineral matter are most readily preserved. The soft tissue that is not close to skeletal parts is less likely to be preserved.

     Other conditions that lead to fossilization include resting an environment that was biologically inert, areas that are receiving a large, steady supply of sediment (deltas of major rivers), and parts of the earth below sea level compared to those above the sea level.

     The ideal place to become a fossil is at the bottom of a quiet sea or lake where the prospective fossil is least likely to be damaged. Moreover, it can be covered rapidly with sediment.

     Clay provides ideal conditions for fossilization as the sediment protects the tissues and helps to exclude predators and solvent water.

    How do fossils unravel the past?

    • Origin of life -evolutionary history through fossil study

    Fossils provides snapshots of the past which when gathered together yields the whole picture of evolutionary change over the past 3.5 billion years although there could be some missing links.

    Life originated in the marine environment or sea. The earliest evidence of life on earth is of marine animals, during the Precambrian era. The oldest known Precambrian rocks, found in Africa and Australia [ more than three billion years old]and the fossils found among them are of the oldest known organisms on earth.

    The fossils on ancient rocks are of Eobacterium and other water environment fossils. Bacteria e are the first recognizable organized form of life. However, it is a curious fact that scientists have found well defined remains of algae and bacteria from around two billion years ago.

    Commonly fossils are found in sedimentary rock.  These types of rocks have significance in the evolutionary history as well as in geological history. Sedimentary layers act as evidence of the changing climate or movement of the continents during the passage of time.

     Fossils that are preserved in amber give amount of information about the anatomy of that organism. Insects that have been trapped and preserved perfectly in amber (fossilised tree resin). Here organism is usually preserved intact without any disintegration of organs, muscles, and coloring. Even bones may tell a great deal about the soft anatomy.

    Some parts of a few fossils can also give an account of growth, injury, disease, form, function, activities, and instincts.

     Fossils record the successive evolutionary diversification of living things, the successive colonization of habitats, and the development of increasingly complex organic communities.

     Fossils can chronicle about the environment and the climatic conditions under which the organisms lived.

    • Fossils as geological time markers

    In geological science fossils act as time markers. They throw light into the age and sequence of rock layers (strata) and the evolution of life, with specific fossils appearing and disappearing at certain periods, marking major boundaries like eras and periods.

     Fossils help geo-scientists to correlate rock ages and understand Earth’s history.

     Fossil study shows the time when species evolve and become extinct. Fossils of some plants and animals are confined to known, specific periods of geological time. Thus, fossils give us a useful insight into the history of life on Earth. The evolution of human beings and other life forms, the change in environment through geological time are unravelled by fossils.

     They also give an account of tectonic plate movements happened in the past and evidence for collisions or continental drifts that separated continents. Fossil study of various geographical regions helps to find out the similarities in species and evolution of new species happening overtime, as a result of isolation of continents by tectonic activity.

    Fossils provide important evidence for evolution and the adaptation of plants and animals to their environments.

    Fossils can also be used to date rocks and throw lights into geological history. Different kinds of fossils occur in rocks of different ages and they are evidences of evolutionary as well as geological change overtime.

    Fossils buttress the study of environmental degradation by providing a baseline of past, pristine environmental conditions and by offering a continuous record of how ecosystems responded to both natural and human-induced changes over time.

     In a nut shell fossils are windows to the past which opens into the vast expanse of buried scientific facts which trigger explorations in different fields of science and technology to know the unknown or more precisely the mysteries of the Earth.

    written by dr sanjana p souparnika

    Reference for further reading

  • DASH diet Health benefits -Beyond its role in improving cardiovascular health

     DASH diet is well- known for improving hypertension and heart health. However studies show that it offers several other health benefits for people having diabetes, metabolic syndrome, colon cancer , PCOS etc.

    Over a couple of decades, lifestyle diseases have conquered the health of urban as well as rural populations alike, enhancing the mortality rate from heart attacks, stroke, various types of cancers etc. Globally around 19.8 million people died from cardiovascular diseases in the year 2022. Out of these 85% deaths were due to heart attacks and strokes.

    The deteriorating heart health is a serious concern which needs timely intervention to prevent increasing mortality from heart attacks. Generally cardiovascular diseases arise from behavioral and environmental risk factors such as unhealthy habits of smoking, tobacco use, unhealthy diet with excessive fat, salt and sugar. Obesity, Physical inactivity, air pollution, alcohol intake are the other contributory risk factors. Both men and women are victims of obesity and sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles enhancing their risk for life style diseases particularly heart attacks.

    Life style modifications to prevent heart attacks

     Healthy heart can be achieved through consistent and steady healthy lifestyle practices and prevention of environmental risk factors.

    It is crucial to identify the risk factors posing threat to the health of your heart through early screening tests. Early detection of the enhanced risk helps to prevent the incidence of heart attacks. 

    Lifestyle modifications are inevitable for achieving a healthy heart.  Of late lifestyle medicine clinics are giving emphasis to life style changes for all for preventing heart attacks and other cardiovascular events.

    It encompasses healthy habits, healthy diet and environment and mind body relaxation techniques, restorative sleep , physical activity, positive social connections. All these lifestyle modifications are targeting at reducing the risks leading to cardiovascular diseases.

    lifestyle changes mustinclude :

    1. Fostering behavioral changes

    Healthy habits to prevent heart diseases

    • Quit smoking
    • Avoid alcohol intake
    • Reduce stress
    • Increase moderate physical activity
    • Mind body relaxation
    • Avoid exposure to polluted air & smoke from automobiles etc.

    2.Adopting a healthy nutrition plan

    Healthy diet for heart

     There are several dietary patterns for healthy heart such as Mediterranean diet, DASH DIET etc. DASH diet is discussed here as it also helps to reduce the impact hypertension on the heart.

    DASH diet – A comprehensive overview

    DASH – Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.

    Although in the beginning of 90s DASH diet was given emphasis to reduce hypertension [ high B.P] later its good effects were proved in the management of various other conditions also.

    DASH diet includes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish, lean meat and low-fat dairy foods etc. Fruits and vegetables provide nutrients like potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fiber that are important for fighting high blood pressure. These nutrients also can improve insulin resistance and glucose levels

       The DASH diet recommends

    • more whole-grain foods, fish, poultry,nuts. Lean meat is recommended while red meat is limited.
    •  Healthy fats, such as olive and canola oil or avocados, nuts are included in DASH diet.
    • The diet limits sodium, sweets, sugary drinks, and red meats.
    •  Foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats are restricted or limited.

    How to change your daily diet to DASH diet?

    You can not make a tectonic shift in your current lifestyle instantly. It needs steady and consistent efforts motivating yourself or by taking the service of a nutrition expert or life style health provider. The results do happen if you adhere to this plan of lifestyle modification and practice it consistently.

    1.   Include low glycaemic index fruits like berries, plums, grape ,oranges etc. to your meals or as a snacking item. Canned and dried fruits are easily available for use but with no added sugar or salt in them.

    2.  Reduce the consumption of butter, margarine, or fatty salad dressing and consume low-fat or fat-free items.

    3.   Consume low-fat or skimmed dairy products

    4. Include more vegetables like kale, broccoli, spinach etc. to your diet.

    5.  Restrict eating fried items or sweets.  Eat unsalted nuts, raisins, low-fat and fat-free yogurt, frozen yogurt.

    6. While purchasing packed foods, read food labels to choose products that are lower in sodium.

    Healthy carbohydrates included under DASH:

    Carbohydrates in the DASH diet are mainly composed of cellulose and starches. It is mainly present in plant fiber. Reducing carbohydrates in the diet or eating “low carb diet” is not as healthy as that may lead to decreased caloric intake than recommended or consumption of unhealthy fats as a substitute.

    Consume whole grains: cracked wheat, millets, oats etc.

    Green leafy vegetables & fruits recommended in DASH

     Kale, broccoli, spinach, collards, mustards are included.

     Fruits:

     Low glycemic index fruits such as cherries, grapes , pears ,oranges ,apples ,plums ,berries  are recommended

    Protein sources recommended in DASH diet:

    Legumes and beans are included chiefly in this diet. DASH recommends more servings of plant proteins like legumes, soy products, nuts, and seeds. Animal protein in the diet mainly includes lean meats, low-fat dairy, eggs, and fish.

    Processed meat is not recommended as they have the potential to be carcinogenic [causing cancer] or may raise blood pressure.

    Healthy fats in DASH diet:

    Healthy fats prevent inflammation, provide essential fatty acids, and help general health. When consumed in moderation, these fats have been shown to increase HDL and lower small dense LDL particles.

    Some of the sources of good fats also included in DASH include:

     Olive oil, Avocados,  Nuts,  Hemp seeds,  Flax seeds,   Fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids

    Minerals- recommended sources in DASH diet:

     DASH diet recommends intake of foods rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium as these prevent endothelial dysfunction and promote endothelial, smooth muscle relaxation.

     Some of the foods rich in potassium include bananas, oranges, and spinach.

     Calcium is found in good amounts in dairy products and green leafy vegetables.

     Magnesium is present in a variety of whole grains, leafy vegetables, nuts, and seeds.

    Benefits of DASH diet in cardiovascular health

    • Helps to reduce high blood pressure
      • Reduce the risk for heart disease, heart failure, and stroke
    • Help prevent or control type 2 diabetes
    • Reduce bad cholesterol levels.

    According to NIH [U.S.A] the recommended DASH diet is served as follows:

    • Grains   6–8 servings/day
    • Meats, poultry, and fish   6 or less servings/day
    • Vegetables     4–5 servings /day
    •  Fruit     4–5 servings/day
    •  Low-fat or fat-free dairy products 2–3 servings/day
    •  Fats and oils    2–3/day
    •  Sodium   2,300 milligrams (mg) or 1,500 mg of salt (sodium) per day
    • Nuts, seeds, dry beans, and peas   4–5 servings weekly
    • Sweets 5 or less servings weekly.

    DASH diet – role in diabetes , metabolic syndrome,polycystic ovarian syndrome & colon cancers.

    Extensive research studies have been conducted all over the world to unravel the good effects of DASH diet beyond its potential to make a positive impact in the management of high blood pressure [ hypertension].

    Several studies have shown that the DASH diet helps lower blood glucose levels, triglycerides, LDL-C, and insulin resistance. All these are major risk factors if brought under control by a dietary modification the health is protected against diabetes , heart attacks, stroke , cancers , metabolic syndrome and much more. The research study gives  great hope for the management of non-communicable diseases through lifestyle modification.

    DASH diet helps to reduce the risk for heart attack and stroke in people suffering from metabolic syndrome. DASH diet is prescribed as an adjunct to pharmacological therapy in metabolic syndrome [high blood pressure, high cholesterol and high blood sugar]. Metabolic syndrome is often associated with excess fat around waist or central obesity

       DASH diet also reduces the risk of colon cancer

    Studies have shown a reduction in the incidence of colorectal cancer.

     According to a study DASH diet has been found helpful to reduce insulin resistance and central obesity in women having polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS].

    Of late PCOS is posing great health complications in women of reproductive age group being an impediment to fertility as it alters hormonal balances causing anovulation. DASH diet can be recommended for women having PCOS to improve insulin resistance and re establish hormonal balance. It also helps in addressing truncal obesity in PCOS women.

     One study  corroborates this finding as it concludes that following the DASH diet for 8 weeks in overweight and obese women with PCOS resulted in the improvement of insulin resistance, serum hs-CRP levels, and abdominal fat accumulation [4].

    Research studies show that the monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats of foods chosen in this dietary pattern can help to improve insulin, androgens, and cholesterol levels in women with PCOS.

    Nuts are main ingredients of DASH diet. They are rich infiber, omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and essential vitamins and minerals.

    * Dash diet helps for lowering blood pressure, particularly in diabetic patients.

    * The DASH diet has been recommended as the best dietary choice for obese people who want to lose weight, maintain a healthy weight and lower the blood pressure.

       DASH diet not only improve your heart health but overall health . If you are on the verge of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, DASH diet  may help you. However, consulting a health care provider is recommended if you have complex health issues.

    written by dr sanjana p [ copyright]

    References for further reading

    1. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
    2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22846984
    3. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/education/dash-eating-plan.  
    4. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01098545/related-content   

  • Impact of plate tectonics on biodiversity

     The term “Biodiversity” encompasses a wide variety of life on Earth, with a large diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems. Tectonic plate movements and its consequent climate and habitat change have detrimental impact on biodiversity and evolution of species.

    Biodiversity is a hotly debated and researched topic from time to time by numerous scientists & environmentalists in relation to climate, ecosystems and demographic characteristics. Its significance has been enhanced unprecedently in this modern era as multiple factors influence and impact on biodiversity.

    Biodiversity is integral part of sustenance life on earth as it is essential to sustain the constant flow of clean air, fresh water, and food. Biodiversity plays key role in regulating the climate, and maintaining healthy ecosystems that support human well-being.

    Biodiversity is studied by scientists conducting expeditions to survey and monitor species, habitats, and their interactions. On these expeditions, they collect data on various parameters such as population sizes and trends, distribution and habitat use, and impacts of management or other human activities.

    Since prehistoric times the earth and ecosystems have been subjected to transformations and extinctions. It is an unfortunate fact that currently the impacts on biodiversity are happening in an unprecedented rate.

     There has been an enhanced threat to biodiversity in the recent decades including habitat loss and fragmentation, excessive use of unsustainable resources, pollution, global climate change, emergence of invasive species.

     Biodiversity is influenced by a wide array of factors. The population is exploding all over the world and its impact on biodiversity is unimaginable. Overconsumption of resources and human intervention on biodiversity has adverse impacts on mankind.

    However, plate tectonics have a massive impact on biodiversity creating as well as destroying species and accelerating the process of evolution.

    Plate tectonics

    Movement of tectonic plates on the crust of Earth’s surface [plate tectonics] has major biogeographical consequences. Evidences suggest that tectonic activity began over 4 billion years ago. Collisions or rifting movements of plates creating and destroying habitats of organisms continues spanning centuries. It is happening through continental drift &by forming physical barriers like mountains through plate collisions.

    Modern understanding of planetary dynamics including plate tectonics unravel the habitat loss or creation stemming from geographical changes like this.

    Tectonic plate movement range from 10 to 40 millimetres per year (0.4 to 1.6 in/year). Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of plate boundary as convergent, divergent, or transform.

    [Read more about plate tectonics]

    Tectonic movements are of different types.

    1. Ocean-to-continent subduction, where the dense oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath the less dense continent plate. At zones of ocean-to-continent subduction mountain ranges form.

    2. Ocean-to-ocean subduction where older, cooler, denser oceanic crust slips beneath less dense oceanic crust. Deep marine trenches are typically associated with subduction zones.

    3. At continental collision zones two masses of continental lithospheres are converging. As they are of similar density, neither is subducted.

    The plate edges are compressed, folded, and uplifted forming mountain ranges,

    4. At zones of ocean-to-ocean rifting, divergent boundaries form by seafloor spreading, allowing for the formation of new ocean basin. Two plates slide apart from each other.  This rifting when happens on oceanic plates it leads to formation of new ocean basin.

    5.Transform boundaries (conservative boundaries or strike-slip boundaries)

     Here plates are neither created nor destroyed. Instead, two plates slide, or precisely they grind past each other, along transform faults. Strong earthquakes may happen along a fault.

    Impact of plate tectonics on biodiversity

    Tectonic movements and continental deformation consequent to that lead to complexity of habitat. They trigger a complex landscape response. For instance, a river network reorganization including river captures by tectonic forces leads to an unusually high diversity of habitat through isolation, creation or destruction of facets of the landscape.

     Building of mountain barriers consequent to plate tectonics quite often lead to isolation and speciation, and connecting landmasses via land bridges that allow for species migration and exchange.

     These movements of tectonic plates also drive global climate shifts, influencing the distribution and evolution of life.

    Let us delve deeper into the tectonic impact on geomorphology and its impact on species and biodiversity.

    • Continental drift and habitat formation:

     As continents separate, new continental margins are created during movement of tectonic plates, it creates potential habitats and spurring diversification.

    • Continental collision &new merged habitat formation:

     When the tectonic plates collide, previously separated landmasses can merge again. This may lead to competition between new species and that occupied similar niches in isolation.

    • Land bridges formation & migration

     Plate tectonics can cause sea levels to drop, forming land bridges that connect continents. This new land bridges facilitate migration of species between the continents. A famous example is the Bering land bridge between Siberia and Alaska, which allowed many species, including early humans, to migrate between continents.

    • Isolation and speciation

    The formation of mountain ranges through plate collisions may function as a physical barrier leading to isolation or separating populations and thus preventing gene flow. Over time, isolated populations can evolve independently as new species through a process called allopatric speciation.

    The separation of continents and the formation of ocean basins can act as another kind of barriers driving marine and terrestrial diversification.

    • Climate change and species composition

      Plate tectonics influence global climate patterns drastically by changing ocean currents and creating mountain ranges that affect atmospheric circulation.

    The global climate patterns in turn affects the types of habitats available for organisms. The fossil records elucidate how climate changes drive changes in species composition and distribution.

    • New ecosystems formation

    Geological changes such as the creation of mid-ocean ridges, oceanic trenches, and volcanic island arcs due to tectonic movements eventually lead to the formation of new habitats and ecosystems.

    The subsequent cooling and sinking of oceanic crust can displace seawater, causing global sea levels to rise.

    • Evolutionary patterns of populations from variance

     The splitting of a continuous population by the formation of a physical barrier such as mountains, ocean basins etc. is called vicariance. This can lead to the evolutionary divergence of populations on either side of the barrier.

    • Plate tectonics function as Rift and collision pumps:

     Plate tectonics can be described as a “rift pump” as it increases biodiversity through isolation. It functions as a “collision pump” that enhances competition between new & existing species when continents collide. In either way plate tectonics impacts on biodiversity.

    • Acceleration of evolution:

      The separation and collision of continents compel species to adapt to new environments created.

    This can lead to new evolutionary paths or extinctions.

    The dynamic changes impacted by plate tectonics, including the creation and destruction of habitats, can accelerate the pace of biological evolution.

    Fossil studies reveal that plate tectonics have been associated with profound biogeographical consequences, such as isolation and speciation. Eventually geologically isolated species may emerge as a new species in the new ecosystem.  Similarly, another type of collision of tectonic plates may merge isolated continents forming ridges or land bridges. Now this may cause competition between existing and newly joined species and gradual extinction.

     The impact of plate tectonics on biodiversity and climate is evident in the fossil record of animals with Gondwanan affinities in India and Madagascar.

      The collision of continents can connect previously separated landmasses. The collision of India with Asia as per the fossil studies show that fossils of shared vertebrate groups found in both India and Madagascar, showing a link to the former supercontinent Gondwana.

    A formation of the Isthmus of Panama allowed for the exchange of animals between North and South America.

    conclusion

     Plate tectonic is not the only cause that impacts biodiversity. Several other factors like global warming, human interventions and natural catastrophes such as volcanic eruptions and ocean currents play their own roles. However the tectonic movements have significant role in the evolutionary process of extinction as well as emergence of new species.

    Written by dr sanjana p souparnika

  • Indian Gooseberry- health benefits

    Indian gooseberries are used widely as a fruit for consumption as well as for culinary uses. They possess numerous properties that are beneficial to health including antiaging, anticancer, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties.

    Goosberries are part of Indian cuisines and the ancestral memories of every Indians as a sweet and bitter fruit. It is known for its nutritious potential since antiquity. Gooseberries are linked to in Indian history as a fruit which is revered in ancient texts like Charaka Samhita (800 BCE) and Sushruta Samhita (600 BCE). It is referred as a supreme rejuvenating herb for hair, skin, and overall vitality in ancient texts.

    Indian gooseberry is commonly known as Amla. Its scientific name is Phyllanthus emblica and belongs to Euphorbiaceae family.

      The gooseberry tree commonly grows to a height of 1–8 metres. The tree may grow with abundant light green leaves and greenish yellow flowers. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish–yello. It may be smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit is up to 26 millimetres in diameter.

    Nutritional facts

    Indian gooseberry is a rich source of vitamin C and full of various other types of antioxidants as well.

    Gooseberries are used widely as a fruit for consumption as well as for culinary uses. They possess numerous properties that are beneficial to health including antiaging, anticancer, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties.

     Generally, gooseberries are low in calories and fat and thus safe to include as part of diet for obese people also. It contains carbohydrates [70 g/100 g dry weight] and fibers[7.2–16.5 g/100 g DW].

    Indian gooseberries are abundant source of antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids and vitamin C.

    They contain minerals iron, calcium and phosphorous. Many studies show the presence of ellagitannins, which includes chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, emblicanin A and B, geraniin, isocorilagin, pedunculagin, phyllanemblinins A–F, and punigluconin in gooseberries.

    Health benefits of Indian gooseberries

    •      Anti-ageing properties

    Vitamin C an effective antioxidant as well as collagen improving agent is abundant in gooseberries. It helps to prevent wrinkles on skin and helps to maintain the tone and strength of skin.

    •      Antioxidant properties

      Polyphenol and vitamin C antioxidants of gooseberries help in free radical scavenging and thus prevent the threat of serious morbidities to vital organs.

    • improves digestive health &immunity

    The antioxidants such as gallic acid, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds of gooseberries boost the body’s immune system as well as digestive processes.

    •Protects heart and cardiovascular system

    Owing to the anti- cholesterol and antiatherogenic properties gooseberries boost cardiovascular system health in human body. It helps to prevent heart attacks and stroke preventing clot formation within blood vessels.

    •Protects nervous system

    The polyphenols of gooseberry have antioxidative potential and neuro protective properties.

    • Lowers blood sugar

    The antioxidant compounds in gooseberries help to reduce blood sugar level.

    • Improves hair health

    Vitamin C and antioxidants of gooseberries boost hair growth and imparts strength to hair strands.

    •Anticancer potential

    The polyphenols prevent oxidative stress to cells of human body. They also produce pro-inflammatory chemicals, prevent DNA damage, and increase apoptosis or cell death of worn out and abnormal cells. This apoptosis process is crucial in preventing morbid as well as normal cell growth uncontrollably in cancer. Therefore, eating gooseberries are very beneficial in mitigating the cancer risks.

    Research updates about Indian gooseberry

    •      Experimental studies indicate that gooseberry and some of its phytochemicals such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, pyrogallol, some norsesquiterpenoids, corilagin, geraniin, elaeocarpusin, and prodelphinidins B1 and B2 also possess anticancer effects.

    It helps free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities which reduce cancer risks in the population.

    •      According to a study at human level, a 500 mg gooseberry extract intake (twice a day) for three months reduced the highly sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, and LDL levels in Class I obese subjects. This may have a cardioprotective effect reducing heart attacks and other diseases.

    •      As per data from yet another study ellagic acid and ascorbic acid could reduce the activity of key enzymes involved in glucose digestion and therefore possess antidiabetic properties.

    •polyphenols have been indicated to protect gastrointestinal organs.  Gooseberries have the potential for inhibition of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains in vitro, since this microorganism is a known cause of gastric ulcers

    How to include gooseberry include gooseberries in your daily foods?

    It is an edible fruit as such. However, to make it more palatable it can be used for making various types of:

    •      Jellies

    •      Salad ingredient

    •      Wine

    •      dessert

    •      Jams

    Safety &caution

    No adverse side effects have been reported if gooseberries are consumed in adequate amounts. Excessive usage may affect lowering the blood sugar in patients who are already under diabetic medications.

    Gooseberries are good source of vitamin C. excessive intake is not recommended as vitamin C is an important micronutrient helping metabolism. Consume only one gooseberry per day.

    written by dr sanjana p

    References

    1. European journal of cancer prevention  2011 May;20(3):225-39. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32834473f4  PMID: 21317655 DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32834473f4  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21317655/
    • 6. Kapoor M.P., Suzuki K., Derek T., Ozeki M., Okubo T. Clinical evaluation of Emblica officinalis Gatertn (Amla) in healthy human subjects: Health benefits and safety results from a randomized, double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled study. Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun. 2020;17:100499. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100499   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31890983/
    • M.M., Joshi M.K. Influence of Emblica officinalis aqueous extract on growth and antioxidant defense system of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) Pharm. Biol. 2012;50:497–505. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2011.618501. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22133060/
    • Bharathi M.D., Thenmozhi A.J. Attenuation of Aluminum-Induced Neurotoxicity by Tannoid Principles of Emblica officinalis in Wistar Rats. Int. J. Nutr. Pharmacol. Neurol. Dis. 2018;8:35. doi: 10.4103/IJNPND.IJNPND_23_18  google scholar https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Int.+J.+Nutr.+Pharmacol.+Neurol.+Dis.&title=Attenuation+of+Aluminum-Induced+Neurotoxicity+by+Tannoid+Principles+of+Emblica+officinalis+in+Wistar+Rats&author=M.D.+Bharathi&author=A.J.+Thenmozhi&volume=8&publication_year=2018&pages=35&doi=10.4103/IJNPND.IJNPND_23_18& 
    • Khanna S., Das A., Spieldenner J., Rink C., Roy S. Supplementatihttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25756303/
    •  Nampoothiri S.V., Prathapan A., Cherian O.L., Raghu K.G., Venugopalan V.V., . Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011;49:125–131. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.006   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24418077/
    • image courtesy https://www.freepik.com/search?format=search&last_filter=query&last_value=indian+amla&query=indian+amla

  • Impact of plate tectonics on biogeography

    Plate tectonics is defined as gliding over of tectonic plates of earth’s crust over its semi fluid asthenosphere. This movement of plates accounts for the formation of biogeography of earth with mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, and the distribution of continents and oceans over millions of years.  

     Of late tectonic plates movements and the impact on biogeography is researched with unprecedented significance. Tectonic plates and their movement have pivotal role in the evolution of species including mankind. How?

    The planet earth has tectonic plates over its surface and which are in constant motion. Their movement and collisions are associated with significant transformations in earth’s geological and oceanographic structures.

    What are tectonic plates?

    Tectonic plates are large, fragmented sections of Earth’s upper mantle and crust that cover the entire globe.These tectonic plates are in continuous movement and the movements and collisions lead to formation of huge mountains, and ocean trenches and various other geological features. These activity of tectonic plate happens at different intervals reshaping global geography over millions of years.

    The term plate tectonics is derived from Latin word  tectonicus or from Ancient Greek word tektonikos  meaning ‘pertaining to building’

    The tectonic plates on the surface of Earth on Lithosphere have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.Earth’s lithosphere, the rigid outer shell including the crust and upper mantle, is fractured into seven or eight major plates and many minor plates or “platelets”. The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 10 cm annually.

    Tectonic plates are composed of the oceanic lithosphere and the thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust.

    What are plate boundaries?

    Plate boundaries are formed by movement of different types of tectonic plates relative to each other. Tectonic plate movement range from 10 to 40 millimetres per year (0.4 to 1.6 in/year). Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of plate boundary as convergent, divergent, or transform.

    Three types of plate boundaries exist, characterized by the way the plates move relative to each other.

    They are associated with different types of geomorphological changes& climate change.

    1.Divergent boundaries (constructive boundaries or extensional boundaries).

     These are boundaries where two plates slide apart from each other.  This rifting may lead to the formation of new ocean basin.

    At zones of ocean-to-ocean rifting, divergent boundaries form by seafloor spreading, allowing for the formation of new ocean basin.

    2.Convergent boundaries (destructive boundaries or active margins)

    These boundaries occur where two plates slide toward each other. The convergent boundaries may form either a subduction zone (one plate moving underneath the other) or a continental collision.

    Subduction zones :

    1.ocean-to-continent subduction, where the dense oceanic lithosphere plunges beneath the less dense continent plate.

    2. ocean to ocean subduction

    here older denser oceanic crust slips beneath less dense ocean

    associated with subduction zones, and the basins that develop along the active boundary are often called “foreland basins”.

    At zones of ocean-to-ocean subduction a deep trench forms in an arc shape. The upper mantle of the subducted plate then heats and magma rises to form curving chains of volcanic islands e.g. the Aleutian Islands, the Mariana Islands, the Japanese island arc.

    At zones of ocean-to-continent subduction mountain ranges form, e.g. the Andes, the Cascade Range.

    Continental collision zones:

    At continental collision zones  two masses of continental lithospheres are converging. As they are of similar density, neither is subducted.

    The plate edges are compressed, folded, and uplifted forming mountain ranges, e.g. Himalayas and Alps. Closure of ocean basins can occur at continent-to-continent boundaries.

    3.Transform boundary

    Transform boundaries (conservative boundaries or strike-slip boundaries) occur where plates are neither created nor destroyed. Instead, two plates slide, or precisely they grind past each other, along transform faults.

    Strong earthquakes may happen along a fault. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary exhibiting dextral motion.

    In addition to these three boundaries other plate boundary zones occur where the effects of the interactions are not very clear.

    Geomorphological consequences of tectonic plate movements

    It is intriguing to understand that plate tectonics affects climate patterns, ocean currents, and the evolution of species.

     The boundaries where tectonic plates interact are risky zones of increased volcanic and seismic activity. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are common in these zones.

     Earthquakes do occur when tectonic plates slip past each other, while volcanoes form where plates collide and one dives under the other (subduction), or where plates pull apart (divergent movement).

    Along convergent plate boundaries,as the process of subduction carries the edge of one plate down under the other plate and into the mantle there is reduction in the total surface area (crust) of Earth. The lost surface at one boundary is balanced by the formation of new oceanic crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading[ divergence] and thus keeping the total surface area constant in a tectonic “conveyor belt”.

    The mankind has always amazed at the formation of huge mountain ranges since time immemorial. Study of tectonic plate movements unraveled this mystery to man a few decades ago. The tectonic plates can collide with each other and the forceful collision cause the land to be forced upward, creating mountain ranges. Similarly, divergence when happens on oceanic plates it leads to formation of new ocean basin. ocean-to-ocean subduction leads to the formation of deep marine trenches typically.

    Impact of plate tectonics on global climate

    Over millions of years, the continents have drifted apart and have come together, creating new oceans and continents.

    These movements of tectonic plates affect global climate by influencing ocean currents, which distribute heat around the planet. Mountains formed by tectonics can also affect regional climates and function as important sinks for carbon dioxide.

     Impact of tectonic plate movement on evolution

      The separation and collision of continents compel species to adapt to new environments created.

    This can lead to new evolutionary paths or extinctions.

    Impact on marine environment

     The formation of new ocean ridges may happen from plate tectonics. The subsequent cooling and sinking of oceanic crust can displace seawater, causing global sea levels to rise.

    Beyond earthquakes and volcanoes, plate tectonics can contribute to tsunamis and landslides.

    According to a hypothesis proposed by Robert Stern and Taras Gerya, plate tectonics are a necessary criterion for a planet to be able to sustain complex life as they play a key role in regulating the carbon cycle.

    Continental drift theory helps biogeographers to explain the disjunct biogeographic distribution of present-day life found on different continents.

  • Wellness Wheel Assessment [WAA]

    Wellness wheel assessment is a visual tool to assess, strategize and evaluate the level of wellness of individuals. It has great significance in our day today life as we are living in an environment with multiple factors detrimental to state of well-being.

    Wellness is defined by various institutions across the globe in multiple ways as it encompasses different dimensions. However, it is a term often heard in relation to health.

    The   World health organization [WHO]has defined wellness as the optimal state of health of individuals and groups which is a positive state of being that goes beyond simply not having a disease or infirmity.The dimensions of wellness is not limited to health alone. Health related wellness is one of its strong pillars on which other aspects are standing on, but being interconnected with each other.

    Let us have a glimpse on the various dimensions of wellness. Wellness  encompasses emotional, physical, financial, social, occupational, environmental, intellectual and spiritual dimensions.

    Why is it crucial to assess your wellness level?

    Wellness can be redefined as an active & continuous life long process of making decisions by individuals to live a healthy& fulfilling life.

    Wellness wheel assessment is a visual tool to assess, strategize and evaluate the level of wellness of individuals. It has great significance in our day today life as we are living in an environment with multiple factors detrimental to state of well-being. Stress is mounting in everywhere and some people commit suicide to run away from the unbearable pressure life inflicts on them ,while others fall prey to serious illnesses and morbidities overtime. Here significance of wellness assessment is crucial and there is a dire need to implement strategies and action plans to improve wellness in all realms. It has to be executed as micro-habits & lifestyle modifications which will compound over the course of time giving you a fulfilling, stress free and contented life.

    Wellness is a state in which an individual achieves his or her full potential in life. It enhances the sense of well-being.

    Wellness is a process and well-being is its result achieved by traversing the journey of wellness. It is rooted in making wise  healthy decisions about habits and lifestyles.

    Wellness wheel assessment [WWA]

    This visual tool is an image wheel with 8 dimensions of wellness which may stimulate your mind in assessing your current level of wellness, strategizing making action plans and evaluating them periodically. WWA includes 8 sections portraying different categories of wellness to be achieved by an individual such as:

    • Emotional
    • Physical
    • Financial
    • Social
    •  Occupational
    •  Environmental
    •  Intellectual
    •  Spiritual

    Role of wellness experts in wellness assessment

    The wellness wheel assessment and strategizing &evaluation can be practiced after consulting a wellness expert who may recommend effective strategies to be implemented in every sector of your wellness journey. Once you make a progress you can practice it yourself lifelong for achieving your full potential and a fulfilling life.

    A wellness expert may guide you in assessing your current lifestyle, level of your emotional wellness – your ability to cope with people and incidents in your life, your physical wellness which is the strongest foundation of wellness as health of body determines your mental state [ vice versa too] and your other realms of wellness such as intellect, occupation, finance, spiritual & social wellness etc.

    A health care provider with expertise in wellness strategies can provide you with action plans to foster a lifestyle ensuring healthy body and mind in the scientific way.

    Wellness assessment is carried out in a holistic and individualized way taking into account the age, sex, intellectual level, education, realm of work, occupation, ambitions& goals, state of health, lifestyle preferences and many more factors.  

    The wellness strategies to improve your social connections, occupational satisfaction, environmental well-being and spiritual wellness may help you reach new echelons of happiness and well-being eventually. Always remember that this is a continuous lifelong journey you can pursue yourself once you gain awareness about the strategies of wellness.

  • Star anise antioxidants to prevent lifestyle diseases & obesity

    Star anise one of the flavouring agents of Indian cuisines,has the potential to prevent life style diseases and obesity being the rich source of bioactive compounds.

    Star anise -an overview

    Star anise is familiar to Indian kitchens as one of the key spice ingredients adding flavors to Indian cuisines. It is a fragrant licorice smelling spice used chiefly in cooking Biriyanis and delicious seafood reciipes since antiquity. Star anise is popularly known as “chakra phool” due to its wheel like shape.

    Star anise [illicium verum] is a medium sized evergreen tree native to South east Asian countries, particularly China. The Chinese star anise is well known for its quality and comparatively low propensity to trigger allergy. It is a safe variety of star anise to consume.

    The leaves of the tree are fragrant and the tree yields pink to red flowers also. This spice seed is taken from the fruits of the tree. The fruit is a capsule-like follicetum, star-shaped, reddish-brown, and contains six to eight follicles arranged in a whorl.

    Star anise as a food ingredient provides numerous health benefits. The spice is a treasure-trove of numerous biologically active compounds which protect against various lifestyle diseases afflicting the mankind.

    According to recent medical research studies, this flavoring ingredient offers great health benefits due to the presence of antioxidant compounds within it. Let us have a glimpse at the health benefits star anise provides.

    Health benefits of star anise

    • Antioxidant property

    Star anise contains several types of polyphenols and flavanoids. Phenolic compounds in star anise include p-coumeric acid, gallic aid, cinamic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. Catechin and rutin are the major flavonoids. Antioxidants protect against oxidative stress related diseases to body organs such as lifestyle diseases, cancer etc.

    • Antimicrobial &anti-inflammatory properties

     Apart from the antioxidant property to remove oxidative stress to cells of human body, star anise has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties owing to the presence of these compounds in it :

    Linalool

    Quercetin

    Anethole

    Shikimic acid

    Gallic acid

    Limonene.

    Shikimic acid imparts it the antiviral property to fight against viral infections.

     The flavonoid anethole provides it antifungal properties.

    Star anise has the potential to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)). It also helps to reduce oxidative stress.

    In a nutshell, star anise protects your body against microorganisms causing inflammations and infectious diseases.

    • Obesity & cholesterol reducing potential

    A study [2] showed that star anise tea consumption significantly reduced the overweight  and BMI. Furthermore, it significantly lowered the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL were observed in the study. It is a hopeful news that star anise helps to decrease bad cholesterol and fat accumulation within the body and prevent heart attacks and strokes chiefly along with other complications of obesity.

    Culinary use of star anise:

    It is used in Indian subcontinent chiefly as a flavoring agent added mostly to various types of Biriyanis and Masala chais. It has an equal significance in Chinese cuisines also as one of the quintessential flavoring ingredients commonly known as”the five spice powder”.

    Caution regarding consumption of star anise :-

    Consume only a very small amount of this spice. Chinese variety is generally safe. Excess intake may cause allergy,

     Copyrighted Dr sanjana p (Dr sanjana vb)

    References

    1. https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol15no2/antioxidant-and-anti-inflammatory-activity-of-star-anise-illicium-verum-in-murine-model/  Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Star Anise (Illicium Verum) in Murine Model,Ibrahim S Majal.Department of medical laboratory sciences, Mu’tah University, Karak Jordan
    2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9686881/

  • Sacred trees of India

    Indian subcontinent has several renowned trees for worshipping which are considered sacred. The list of sacred trees of India chiefly includes Banyan tree and Peepal.

      Trees are symbolically connected with tradition and culture in various geographical regions of the world since time immemorial. The concept of linking trees with holiness or divinity and categorizing them as sacred trees is intricately connected to Indian as well as South East Asian cultures.

    Indian subcontinent and countries like Japan, Korea also have this deep-rooted linkage with trees. The trees have merged intimately with myths and legends of the region and rituals are performed to worship trees in some of these hamlets for many centuries.

    The tradition & practice of worshipping trees connecting with the religious landscape has been noted since ancient times. Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism has religious linkage with trees.

     Indian subcontinent has several renowned trees for worshipping which are considered sacred. The list of trees chiefly includes Banyan tree and Peepal. Other sacred trees include Neem, Ashoka,Kadamba, Parijata,Sandal wood , fig tree etc.

    Trees are symbolic representation of knowledge according to various cultures of India. Banyan tree is connected with permanent wisdom of hermit life and enlightenment.

     Various religious texts and scriptures of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism has mentions about sacred trees and environment. The Hindu text Matsyapurana has Sanskrit hymns which illustrates the reverence paid to ecology in the ancient era.The excerpt from Matsyapurana goes like this:

    “A pond equals ten wells, a reservoir equals ten ponds, while a son equals ten reservoirs and a tree equals ten sons”.

    According to Vedic literature many trees including Banyan tree, figs, khejri, teak,silk cotton were integral part various vedic rituals.

    In Sikhism Jujube tree is considered as a sacred tree capable of removing all woes and sufferings, particularly the jujube tree situated near Harmandir sahib complex, Amritsar.

    Banyan tree [Ficus benghalensis]

    Banyan tree is worshipped as a symbol of longevity, connectedness, life’s stability and strength. This tree is a connecting link between generations due to its long years of survival or lifespan. The tree has witnessed many centuries, attaining giant aerial roots over the years and remains symbolic of growth, connectedness, stability and longevity.

    Banyan tree is  regarded as the symbol of Trimurti- Lord Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva according to Hinduism and it is worshipped very fervently in the subcontinent. The tree is considered as immortal as per the vedic traditions.

     Banyan tree has gained significance beyond the spiritual realm and it is often regarded as a symbol of fertility, longevity and stability gathering the sobriquet tree of life. It is the national tree of India.

     Indian subcontinent has numerous centuries old Banyan trees and Sagar in Madhya Pradesh has a Banyan tree which is believed to be 5000years old.

    Ficus benghalensis or Banyan tree is an evergreen tree with wide spreading crown of green foliage and grows to a height of 20-30 meters. It is an epiphyte growing on the stem or branch of another tree and as it grows over the years numerous aerial roots are generated and these root hanging down to the earth touching the soil. Eventually these roots thicken and imparts strength and stability.

    Peepal tree [ Ficus religiosa]

    Peepal is known as Bodhi tree because it is under a Peepal tree The great Buddha achieved enlightenment. The tree has religious significance not only in Buddhism but also in Hinduism and Jainism.  The sacred fig is the tree of meditation and has given utmost significance in Indian state Odisha, Bihar and Haryana as the state tree.

    Ficus religiosa is a seasonal deciduous semi evergreen tree growing into the height of above 30m and trunk diameter up to 3 meters. Ficus is native to India and its neighboring countries like Nepal , Bhutan and Bangladesh etc. It grows in a wide variety of soils having good drainage for water. Ficus grows well in temperature range0-35 degree Celsius. It gross well in a wide variety of climates including tropical rain forest climate and tropical monsoon climate.

    The stories Sacred trees of India are innumerable and are infused intricately with the religion, tradition and culture of this land and it imparts fervent hues to the cultural heritage as well as lives of people of the subcontinent since antiquity.

    written by dr Sanjana p

    Image courtesy:https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/exotic-tree-with-roots-ground-middle-beautiful-forest_9283112.htm#fromView=search&page=1&position=8&uuid=e256ad2a-0da1-4265-9936-bd12aef12e13&query=+ficus++trees+with+aerial+roots

  • Homeopathy & Integrative medicine solutions for ADHD -Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

    ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder found in children as well as adults which interfere with work and social life.

    Overview

    The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may be present since childhood; however, in some people it get manifested explicitly in adulthood or get unnoticed during childhood.

     ADHD is manifested in children in different patterns including inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity.

    ADHD begins in childhood and progress to adulthood affecting school performance, interaction with society and relationships depending on the grade of the disorder. ADHD may be seen as inattention or inability to focus on a topic or as hyperactivity [ overactivity which is inappropriate to the setting or context], impulsivity [hasty actions without any forethought].

    ADHD may occur in various forms with all these problems in combined form or singly.

    Three different types of ADHD include:

    • Predominantly inattentive form
    • Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive form
    • Combined form

    ADHD in children and adult present in different ways. ADHD may lead to relationship issues, work place problems and oversensitivity to criticism particularly in adults.

    ADHD is often diagnosed in childhood itself; however some forms of ADHD may escape the diagnosis and manifest as problems in adulthood.

    The diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation of the disorder [ the presence of persistent symptoms that have occurred over a period of time and are noticeable over the past six months]. A healthcare provider can diagnose ADHD without much difficulty. The treatment for ADHD is dependent on the manifestation &the grade of the disorder. Modern medical as well as complementary and integrative medicine treatments are available for managing ADHD.

    What are the causes of ADHD?

    Although the exact cause of ADHD is not clear, it has been found that genetics play a prominent role.ADHD runs in families.

    What are the signs & symptoms of ADHD?

    ADHD may be presented in three different ways:

    1. Predominantly inattentive type
    2. Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type
    3. Combined
    • Predominantly inattentive type

    Attention deficient hyperactive children of this category fail to pay attention to details, to focus on the matters discussed; and often gets complaints of poor attention span while being taught in schools.

    Children with ADHD often makes mistakes in tasks due to poor attention to detail. They forget or fail to do tasks assigned due to their inability to pay attention for long and the restlessness.

    They fail to do homework, chores and can not focus on conversations for a long time. Easily get distracted.

    Sustained focus and mental effort are difficult.

    • Hyperactive /impulsive type

    People having this type of ADHD constantly fidget. They are not able to sit at one place and are bounding with energy. Quite often stamped as talkative. Children often run about in class or in places where it is not appropriate.

    Interfere while discussing a matter, will not allow to complete it. Cuts the conversation or answer a question before the question is completed.

    Difficult to wait patiently for his or her turn.

    While doing any activity or game there will be great disquiet and do things hastily and impulsively without any forethought.

    • Combined type of ADHD

    In this type of ADHD both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms can be found. It is more complex and may impact the social interaction as well as relationships if not appropriately managed right from childhood.

    ADHD symptoms in adults

    Forgetfulness. Poor attention span and inability to focus on tasks for long.Restlessness.

    Easily get distracted. Difficulty in doing some tasks in an organized way.

    Difficulty in completing tasks that need prolonged attention.

    How ADHD is diagnosed?

    Primary level health providers as well as mental health professionals can recognize ADHD and can refer for medical evaluation. Mostly ADHD is diagnosed by clinical evaluation, asking questions to the person, family, care givers etc. Family history   and upbringing environment are also taken into account to evaluate the condition. Some other psychiatric diseases or mental conditions may mimic ADHD. A well-trained mental health provider can differentiate these from ADHD.

    Treatment for ADHD

    ADHD is managed with various strategies depending on the age and grade of the condition. In preschool children medications are not recommended by modern medicine mostly. Parent child interaction therapy is recommended.

    However, in some other higher grade cases medications are advised.

    Depending on the progress or advancement of disease medications or therapy is given.

    In children who do not improve with medications special school education and learning techniques are recommended.

    Homeopathy &Integrative medicine approach

    • Lifestyle modification
    • Diet & nutrition
    • Cognitive behavioral therapy
    • Homeopathic medications

    We provide homeopathic medications after detailed case taking & evaluation of family history, drug history, parental behaviour& approach, environment etc.

    Homeopathy offers various constitutional remedies which are efficacious and safe to use in children as well as adults.

    A few of the homeopathic drugs used for managing ADHD include tuberculinum,tarentula, Lachesis etc. Homeopathic medications are helpful to a large extent in managing emotional and behavioural problems in ADHD people.  Homeopathy may be of help in integration with conventional medicine to relieve the distresses caused by pharmaceuticals and also in establishing emotional control and focus to a certain degree.

    Homeopathic medications are selected with holistic approach integrating physical, mental and emotional characteristics of the individual having ADHD. Homeopathic drugs prescribed by a qualified homeopathic physician may be gentle and safe; also, non addictive.

    Homeopathy can complement conventional medicine treatment well. Although many promising study results are there, extensive and rigorous research is needed in this realm beyond a few case studies.

    What is the advantage of using homeopathic medicine?

    Safe and gentle

    Emotional control and stability

    Improved focus and attention

    Non-addictive remedies

    Mental wellness & lifestyle protocols incorporated by us [ Mediprecision ]also in the treatment strategy tailoring to the individual needs help for improving the quality of life.

    written by dr sanjana p

    image courtesy:

    https://www.freepik.com/search?format=search&last_filter=query&last_value=attention+deficit+hyperactivity&query=attention+deficit+hyperactivity

  • Mediterranean diet for preventing obesity & Life style diseases

     Mediterranean diet is a globally approved diet pattern for preventing and managing obesity & life style diseases and thus for sustaining healthy living.

    Obesity and its associated risks are the growing concern in all age groups globally as it is the root cause of various kinds of life style diseases, hormonal disorders, cancers and depression.

      Obesity is a condition which affects the quality of life and the general health of individuals as well as populations. Obesity is closely linked with diabetes and depression even in children, although genetics also plays a contributory role here. The emerging solution to preserve and sustain the health of the population is to adopt healthy lifestyle practices right from the formative years of life. Adults as well as children need to follow healthy food habits and ways for adequate physical activity to ensure better quality of life and productivity.

    In the journey towards adoption of healthy life practices, diet plays a pivotal role. Everyone is worried about the right diet for their health and clinical conditions. This is quite natural and needs advice of a health care provider or nutritionist, particularly if one is affected with life style diseases such as diabetes, heart attack, stroke and some cancers.

    Hormonal disorders like polycystic ovarian syndrome in females, also has been linked with obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. This condition requires vigorous physical exercise as well as dietary modifications for reducing insulin resistance and obesity.

     Mediterranean diet is a globally approved diet pattern for preventing and managing many of the life style diseases and sustain healthy living.

    What is Mediterranean diet?

    It is a diet based on traditional diet patterns. Mediterranean diet follows the dietary patterns of people living in Mediterranean region. The diet gives emphasis to the inclusion of whole grains, vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, seeds, herbs and spices. Olive oil is included as a chief ingredient of most of the recipes in Mediterranean diet, it being a source of healthy fats. Fish, sea food and poultry are also included in this diet. Although not considered as mandatory, red meat and sweet is allowed occasionally.

    History of origin of Mediterranean diet &its spread

    Now, Mediterranean diet is a popular dietary choice among fitness freaks as well as with people concerned about life style diseases globally. However, it is curious to know that for many decades the diet was part of the lives of various tribes existed in the Mediterranean region.

    The Mediterranean region comprises areas of the globe around the Mediterranean Sea, having the Mediterranean climate characterized by rainy winters and dry, hot summers. It encompasses the countries around Mediterranean sea in three continents Africa, Asia, Europe and certain regions of other continents such as California, Chile, Southwestern Australia, and southern South Africa.

    It was around 1950s  that Ancel Keys, an American scientist noticed the fact that incidence of heart diseases is very low among people of Mediterranean region and he focused his research on the dietary habits of people of this region. His study is known as ‘The Seven Countries Study of Cardiovascular Diseases’.

     Later further advanced research studies conducted over the years confirmed that Mediterranean diet & dietary patterns derived from it are not only beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, but also in the therapeutic approach of obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cancer or neurodegenerative diseases.

    Mediterranean diet includes food ingredients having healthy, monounsaturated fat, which lowers total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins [bad cholesterol] levels in the human body.

    Nuts and seeds being an integral part of Mediterranean diet provide monounsaturated fat and are good for health if consumed in moderation.

    Th diet includes fish and seafood & legumes which provide proteins, vital minerals, vitamins and omega fatty acids to the body.

    Vegetables and fruits are important part of this diet and serve as effective antioxidants, sources of vitamins and minerals required for vital functions in the body.

    Health benefits of Mediterranean diet

    Mediterranean diet has numerous health benefits, particularly in the prevention of life style diseases.  Of late numerous studies have elucidated its role in sustaining cognitive functions of brain and nervous system.

    Mediterranean diet helps to:

    • Lower the incidence of heart diseases & stroke
    • It helps to maintain optimum weight and prevent obesity
    • It helps to reduce blood glucose levels
    • It lowers blood cholesterol
    • Mediterranean diet helps to reduce hypertension
    • Reduces the risk of development of metabolic syndrome in obese peope. Metabolic syndrome is the triad of  occurrence of high blood pressure, high levels of bad cholesterol and obesity in individuals.
    • Mediterranean diet includes ingredients that support gut microbacteria. It also improves digestive health.
    • The diet also helps in reducing the occurrence of some type of cancers. [ prostate, colon cancers]
    • Improves brain health & cognitive function.
    • Improves longevity
    • Antioxidants in mediterranean diet helps to prevent free radical injury and helps improved skin health.Antioxidants are beneficial in slowing down ageing preventing oxidative stress to skin and vital organs.
    • High fiber content help reduce bad cholesterol improving cardiovascular health and it also reduces the risk for colorectal cancers.

     

    written by dr sanjana p [copyright]

    References

    1.Wright C.M. Biographical notes on Ancel Keys and Salim Yusuf: Origins and significance of the Seven Countries Study and the INTERHEART Study. J. Clin. Lipidol. 2011;5:434–440. PMID: 22108146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.09.003 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22108146/

    2.      Gotsis E., Anagnostis P., Mariolis A., Vlachou A., Katsiki N., Karagiannis A. Health benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: An update of research over the last 5 years. Angiology. 2015;66:304–318. doi: 10.1177/0003319714532169. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23553669/

    3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/mediterranean-region

    4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12027923/